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AP Euro Study Guide
Chapter 6 - New Directions in Thought and Culture in the 16th and 17th Centuries
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were two new inventions from the Scientific Revolution? | The microscope and the telescope |
| Where were some major places that the Scientific Revolution took place? | Poland, Italy, Denmark, Bohemia, France and Great Britain |
| What was another name for the scientists? | Natural Philosophers |
| What did Nicolaus Copernicus do? | He created a new way of thinking of the orientation of the universe by drawing the sun at the center of the universe. He caused people to re-examine the church calendar |
| Who were two scientists who studied the universe and its' orientation? | Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe |
| Who did Galileo Galilei name the moons of Jupiter after? | He named them after the Medicis to gain their support of his research |
| What did Galileo believe about rationality? | Rationality means mathematics |
| What were a few things that Isaac Newton discovered and wrote about? | Isaac discovered the gravity, the laws of physics, how the planets move in an "orderly fashion" , and wrote Principia Mathematica |
| What was the way God was seen during the Scientific Revolution? | God was seen as a watchmaker, and the world was seen as a clock, with knowledge seen as a way for physical improvement |
| What did Francis Bacon speak about? | He attacked scholasticism, and spoke about how the world should have confidence in the present, not thinkers of the past. He thinks people should see what is around them before speculation. He says that the goal of natural knowledge is human improvment |
| What was Rene Descartes view on God? | He deduced the existence of God through the idea of only believing in thinking things and things occupying space, and separated the body and the mind |
| What did Thomas Hobbes write about? | He wrote about the need for a strong central authority because humans were inherently immoral. He thinks humans exist to meed daily needs, not for a higher moral purpose. |
| What was a quote from Thomas Hobbes? | "A war of every man against every man." |
| What did John Locke write? | The First and Second Treatise on Government |
| What did John Locke believe? | He believed that the leader needed the trust of his people, but if the leader ever did anything to lose the trust of the people, they could be overthrown. Reason and revelation are compatible |
| Did John Locke believe in religious toleration? | Yes, with the exception of Roman-Catholics |
| What were "Institutions of Sharing"? | They were schools dedicated to science and new studies. |
| What were 4 institutions of sharing? | Royal Society of London (1660), Academy of Experiments Florence (1657), French Academy of Science (1666), and Berlin Academy of Science (1700) |
| Which women worked during the Scientific Revolution? | Margaret Cavendish, Maria Cunitz, Elisabetha and Maria Winkelmann, and Emilie du Chatelet |
| What was a major conflict during the Scientific Revolution? | The conflict of interest between science and religion |
| What did the Council of Trent decide about science? | The Council says only the church can interpret the bible, and condemned Galileo |
| What happened under Pope Urban VIII? | He initially allowed Galileo to spread his ideas, however after facing humiliation, places Galileo under house arrest. |
| What did Blaise Pascal preach about religion and science? | Pascal tried to reconcile religion and science, and said "Reason should drive those who truly heeded it to faith in God and reliance on divine grace" |
| What did the English believe was the reason humans were put on Earth? | God put humans on Earth to understand it, for practical use of it rationality, and that humans were meant to improve the world |
| What were the witch hunts? | Fears of magic were fueled by religious wars and fears that the devil appeared as a he-goat. Around 70,000-100,000 people died due to these hunts. |
| Who did these hunts target? | Widows unhappy after their husbands deaths, midwives whose patients died during birth, and healers/spiritualists whose abilities were seen as having power over the church |
| Baroque Art was what 3 things? | Naturalistic rather than idolized, a better understanding of anatomy, and created an emotional involvement for the viewer |
| Baroque Art aligned with what religion? | Roman-Catholicism |
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cailynreed25