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POLS Final

TermDefinition
Agenda setting The power of the media through news coverage to focus the public’s attention and concern on particular events, problems, issues, personalities, and so on.
Common-carrier function The media’s function as an open channel through which political leaders can communicate with the public.
Framing The process by which the media play up certain aspects of a situation while downplaying other aspects, thereby providing a particular interpretation of the situation.
High-choice media system A media system in which audiences have such a wide range of choices that they can largely control the type of information to which they are exposed.
Low-choice media system A media system in which audiences have a single daily newspaper and three television networks—ABC, CBS, and NBC.
News The news media’s version of reality, usually with an emphasis on timely, dramatic, and compelling events and developments.
News media (press) Print, broadcast, cable, and internet organizations that are in the news-reporting business.
Objective journalism A model of news reporting that is based on the communication of “facts” rather than opinions and that is “fair” in that it presents all sides of partisan debate.
Partisan function Efforts by media actors to influence public response to a particular party, leader, issue, or viewpoint.
Partisan press Newspapers and other communication media that openly support a political party and whose news tends to follow the party line.
Priming The way in which the context established by media messages affects how people interpret the information they receive.
Signaling (signaler) function The responsibility of the media to alert the public to important developments as soon as possible after they happen or are discovered.
Watchdog function The accepted responsibility of the media to protect the public from incompetent or corrupt officials by standing ready to expose any official who violates accepted legal, ethical, or performance standards.
Gender gap The tendency of white women and men to differ in their political attitudes and voting preferences.
Hard money Campaign funds given directly to candidates to spend as they choose.
Money chase A term used to describe the fact that U.S. campaigns are very expensive and candidates must spend a great amount of time raising funds in order to compete successfully.
Nomination The designation of a particular individual to run as a political party’s candidate (its “nominee”) in the general election.
Party-centered campaigns Election campaigns and other political processes in which political parties, not individual candidates, hold most of the initiative and influence.
Party competition A process in which conflict over society’s goals is transformed by political parties into electoral competition in which the winner gains the power to govern.
Two-party system A system in which only two political parties have a real chance of acquiring control of the government.
Trustee An elected representative whose obligation is to act in accordance with their own conscience as to what policies are in the best interests of the public.
Salience An opinion dimension that refers to how highly people rank an issue relative to other issues.
Agents of socialization Those agents, such as the family and the media, that have significant impact on citizens’ political socialization.
Identity politics A situation in which people base their concerns on a group identity (such as race or religion) and align themselves politically with those who share that identity and against those who don’t.
Party identification The personal sense of loyalty that an individual may feel toward a particular political party.
Political socialization The learning process by which people acquire their political opinions, beliefs, and values.
Sampling error A measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll, mainly a function of sample size and usually expressed in percentage terms.
Delegate An elected representative whose obligation is to act in accordance with the expressed wishes of the people they represent.
Direction (of an opinion) An opinion dimension that refers to whether people have a pro or con opinion on an issue.
Public opinion The politically relevant opinions held by ordinary citizens that they express openly.
Appellate jurisdiction The authority of a given court to review cases that have already been tried in lower courts and are appealed to it by the losing party; such a court is called an appeals court or appellate court.
Concurring opinion A separate opinion written by a Supreme Court justice who votes with the majority in the decision on a case but who disagrees with the reasoning.
Decision A vote of the Supreme Court in a particular case that indicates which party the justices side with and by how large a margin.
Dissenting opinion The opinion of a justice in a Supreme Court case that explains their reasons for disagreeing with the majority’s decision.
Facts The relevant circumstances of a legal dispute or offense as determined by a trial court. The facts of a case are crucial because they help determine which law or laws are applicable in the case
Judicial activism The doctrine that the courts should develop new legal principles when judges see a compelling need, even if this action places them in conflict with precedent or the policy decisions of elected officials.
Judicial restraint The doctrine that the judiciary should broadly defer to precedent and the judgment of legislatures. The doctrine claims that the job of judges is to work within the confines of laws set down by tradition and lawmaking majorities.
Judicial review The power of courts to decide whether a governmental institution has acted within its constitutional powers and, if not, to declare its action null and void.
Jurisdiction A given court’s authority to hear cases of a particular kind. Jurisdiction may be original or appellate.
Living constitution theory Holds that constitutional provisions should be applied in the context of the needs of today’s society as opposed to the needs of society when the provision was written.
Created by: monioyesola
 

 



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