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KIN 3513 Final Exam
Motor Learning Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A reason why beginners can derive learning benefits from observing other beginners practice a skill is that it | encourages the observer to engage in more active problem solving |
| For continuous tasks, distributed practice is beneficial for both performance and learning (T/F) | True |
| In the cognitive stage of Fitts model of skill acquisition, verbal and cognitive abilities dominate, and verbalizable information is useful (T/F) | True |
| Anastasia has followed her new weigh-training program for three months now and has seen a great improvement in her miniature golf games. This is a good example of motor learning. (T/F) | True |
| What did Bernstein propose as a solution to the degrees of freedom problem? | Freezing degrees of freedom |
| Shortening the movement time of the bat swing in baseball should allow more accurate anticipation of where and when the ball will arrive (T/F) | True |
| The primary reason to use a transfer test to assess learning is to evaluate which performance characteristic associated with the learning of a motor skill? | Adaptability |
| Fitts law described the trade off between speed and accuracy (T/F) | True |
| In _________, the learner gains information by watching another's performance | observational learning |
| An "expert" is a person who is located at the extreme right end of the _______ stages continuum | learning |
| According to the perspective of Bernstein, in the final stage of motor learning somebody exploits the passive dynamics of the body (T/F) | True |
| Practice variability is better for learning and performance _____ | on future "test" situations |
| Fitts Law specifies that performance will show a speed-accuracy trade-off in a rapid manual aiming task according to the relationship between which two characteristics of the task? | distance to move and target width |
| _________ is the type of accuracy when the position of the movement's end point is important to the performance | Spatial accuracy |
| Inherent feedback is sometimes also called | Intrinsic feedback |
| Information from feedback can define the basis for making corrections on the next attempt (T/F) | True |
| Augmented feedback is sometimes also called | Extrinsic feedback |
| Skilled batters DO NOT adjust the bat speed for different ball speeds (T/F) | True |
| One of the benefits of whole practice over part practice is that it provides the opportunity to perform all the spatial and temporal coordination requirements of the skill during practice (T/F) | True |
| Fitts Law states that movement time is linearly related to the _________ | index of difficulty |
| As the learner progresses from novice to expert, changes in the underlying abilities are that: | some abilities drop out and are replaced by others, whereas other abilities remain |
| The general form of performance curves, with rapid improvements at first and slower ones later, reflects a principle called the _________________ | law of practice |
| The more the practice conditions and the test conditions have in common, the better the test performance will be (T/F) | True |
| Which of the following is an essential component of the definition of learning? It ______________ | results in relatively permanent improvement |
| Giving augmented feedback to a learner only he or she requests it is better than giving the augmented feedback on every trial (T/F) | True |
| Movements that are self-initiated are usually quicker than reactive movements (T/F) | False |
| When a new complex skill is learned it is often important to demonstrate initially | the entire action in real time |
| In Bernstein's second stage of learning, the typical learner attempts to improve performance by _______________ | releasing degrees of freedom |
| The hypothesis that proposed that the many motor abilities that characterize people are highly related to each other is known as the | general motor ability hypothesis |
| Which of the following is NOT an important distinction of abilities? | developed with practice |
| Below are listed NON-essential components of the definition of learning EXCEPT OF that it | results in relatively permanent improvement |
| Learning can be an interaction of _____________ constraints, ______________ constrains, and _______________ constraints | organismic; task; environmental |
| Research showed that aiming at targets, such as putting a golf ball towards a hole, | can be influenced by visual illusion |
| Throwing a softball from second base to first base and from left field to first base would require the same _________ but different ___________ | general motor program; parameters |
| A performance curve plotting measures across practice trials provides evidence of learning/adaptability (T/F) | False |
| A difference between ability and skill is that abilities underlie a skill of a person, while skills depend on different subsets of abilities (T/F) | True |
| Based on Fitts Law we can predict movement time (MT) on unimanual motor skills such as dart throwing (T/F) | True |
| According to Fitts and Posner, the learner moves through three stages when learning a motor skill (T/F) | True |
| In movies in which combatants duel in a gunfight, the person who draws first almost always loses. This is illustrative of the ________ effect | gunslinger |
| When instructors wish to train learners to develop general capabilities for a wide variety of skills, where the eventual goal is quite different from the original practice setting, this is called _________ transfer | far |
| The term ________ refers to stable and enduring traits that are genetically determined and underlie a person's skilled performance | abilities |
| Predicting abilities are easy tasks for movement practitioners (T/F) | False |
| The third stage of Fitts and Posners model of skill acquisition is the | autonomous stage |
| A baseball swing (140ms movement time) with 20ms less movement time than a slower swing (160ms) ________. . . | can improve temporal and spatial accuracy of a hit |
| The _________ suggests that many specific and independent motor abilities are the basis for every type of motor performance | specificity hypothesis |
| Information from feedback can guide the learner .... | towards the movement goal |
| Playing a guitar is a good example of performing ... | an asymmetrical bimanual skill |
| In addition to identifying perceptual-motor abilities, in 1964 Fleishman did also identify a group of abilities that he designated as | physical proficiency abilities |
| Fitts law accurately predicted the movement times (MT) when two limbs were moving to targets with congruent index of difficulties (ID) (T/F) | True |
| The inclusion of both practice sessions and test sessions by a coach can help to overcome conflicting practice goals (T/F) | True |
| Which method of assessing learning is used when people are required to perform the same motor skill after they completed practicing? | retention test |
| Some motor learning can occur in the absence of movement by producing anticipated sensations during mental practice (T/F) | True |
| The term ________ usually refers to a test after change of task conditions, whereas a _________ usually refers to a test given after a period without practice | transfer test; retention test |
| Performance is an observational behavior whereas learning is not directly observable (T/F) | True |
| An increased amount of practice variability is usually associated with ________ during practice | an increased amount of performance error |
| Motor learning can be defined as a set of __________ | processes associated with practice |
| Main categories of motor abilities are | perceptual-motor and physical proficiency abilities |
| A difference between ability and skill is that abilities are stable, while skills can be modified (T/F) | True |
| Learning is another word for improved performance (T/F) | True |
| Visual illusions might be considered exceptions to the speed-accuracy trade-off because the __________ target dimensions did not predict the observed outcomes (T/F) | True |
| Below are summarized functions of augmented feedback EXCEPT FOR | can provide inherent feedback |
| In the fixation/association stage, the second stage of the three stage model of skill acquisition by Fitts and Posner ... | learners begin to monitor their own feedback and detect their errors |
| When you give a person augmented feedback based on a bandwidth of performance, you give feedback only when the performance of the person is .... | outside a specific range of correctness |
| Learning produces an acquired ________ for skilled performance | capacity |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of the use of concurrent augmented feedback? | when the ref gives the score after each dart thrown in tournament |
| The small body size of the coxswain (steersman) is a(n) ___________ that helps him to succeed in his role on the rowing team | ability |
| Positive feedback can produce better performance than no feedback, even if it is false (T/F) | True |
| When massed practice has hindered the learning of a continuous skill, the most probable cause is | fatigue |
| During a regular season baseball game, the home team's starting pitcher allowed the first five batters to get a hit. In the second inning, he struck out every single batter he faced. The pitcher's performance in the first inning can be an example of what? | positive transfer |
| __________ practice refers to giving learners ownership over some of the components of practice, such as how to organize the practice schedule | Self-regulated |
| ___________ involves learning achieved in one task or one practice setting that is applied to another task or setting | Transfer of learning |
| The three stages of Fitts and Posners model of skill acquisition are | the cognitive, fixation/associative, and autonomous stages |
| Augmented feedback which provides information about movement characteristics is known as | knowledge of performance |
| Visual acuity, color vision, height, and build are considered skills rather than abilities (T/F) | False |
Created by:
annabellegotz