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Soci 101 Exam 3
Review for exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social reproduction | the process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation |
| power elite | a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions |
| pluralist theory of power | the idea that US politics are characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals |
| C. Wright Mills | sociologist who introduced the idea of the power elite |
| Elite theory of power | the idea that a small groups of networked individuals controls the most powerful positions in our social institutions |
| the revolving door | gives people with power a reason to cooperate with one another even if that means failing to protect the public |
| social closure | a process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others |
| social capital | the number of people we know and the resources they can offer us |
| economic capital | financial resources that are or can be converted into money |
| institutional. capital | symbolic significance of endorsements from recognized organizations (the value of a college degree) |
| cultural capital | symbolic resources that communicate one's social status |
| the bamboo ceiling | refers to the processes and barriers that serve to exclude Asians and Asian-Americans from executive positions on the basis of subjective factors such as lack of leadership potentials and lack of communication skills |
| getting in the door-the nightclub | essential the club is based on exclusivity and bouncers looked to see what individuals were wearing to see if they would be selected as "the best" |
| ethnography | a research method that involves careful observation of naturally occurring social interaction |
| fit | the feeling that our particular mix of cultural capital matched our social context |
| Antonio Gramsci | Italian sociologist who was imprisoned by Mussolini for 11 year and wrote political theory about how elites control population by using persuasion and coercion |
| cultural hegemony | power maintained primarily by persuasion |
| hegemonic ideologies | shared ideas about how human life should be organized that are used to manufacture our consent to existing social conditions |
| Protestant work ethic | the idea that one's character can and should be measured by one's dedication to paid work |
| the cult of the individual | you have to decide what to do with your life |
| Durkheim | French sociologist who argues that whatever we chose to de, we'd be fufilling a specific societal need |
| social cohesion | we depend on others and others depend on us |
| organic solidarity | social cohesion created by the shared effort of the division of labor and interdependence that is inherited in that division of labor |
| mechanical solidarity | social cohesion that comes from familiarity and similarity rather than interdependence |
| individualism | the idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves |
| collectivism | the idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group |
| field notes | descriptive accounts of what occurred in the field alongside tentative sociological observations |
| social change | shifts in our shared ideas, interactions, and institutions |
| collective action | the coordinated activities of member of groups with shared goals |
| social movement | persistent and organized collective action meant to provost or oppose social change |
| Repertories of contention | shared activités widely recognized as expression of dissatisfaction with social conditions |
| interdependent power | the power of noncooperation |
| social construction of social problems | the process of coming to see a personal struggle as an issue of public concern |
| insurgent consciousness | a recognitions of shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action |
| collective action problem | the challenge of getting large groups of people to act in coordinated ways |
| Montgomery bus boycott | 40,000 black individuals boycotted the bus system in Montgomery, Alabama to protest the racist rule that black individuals had to be seated as the back of the bus |
| organizational strength | a combination of strong leadership, human and material resources, and physical infrastructure |
| political networks | webs of ties that link people with similar political goals |
| standing | the authority to speak credibly about a particular topic |
| framing | a clear and shoer claim as to the nature for a social fact |
| countermovements | presidents, organized collective action meant to resist social movements |
| framing wars | battles over whether a social fact is a social problems and what kind of problem it is |
| counter frames | frames menat to challenge an existing social movements frame |
| master frames | culturally resonant frames that can be used across many different social movements causes |
| external movement factors | political, cultural, economic context of the social movement |
| political opportunity structure | the strengths and weaknesses in the existing political system that shape the options available to social movement actors |
| inter-elite competition | disagreements among elites, activists can appeal to whatever elite agrees with them and elites can point to like-minded activists groups to give their own aspirations a veneer of righteousness |
| cultural opportunity structure | cultural ideas, objects, practices or bodies that create or contain strategies |
| critical event | a sudden or dramatic occurrence that motivates non-activists to become politically active |
| slacktivism | the practice of supporting a political or social cause by means such as social media or online potions, characterized as involving very little effort or commitment |
| economic opportunities and constrains | the role of money in enabling or limiting a movements operations and influence |
| interest convergence | the alignment of interests of activists and elites |
| globalization | the social processes that are expanding and intensifying connections across nation states |
| cultural hybridization | the production of ideas, objects, practices, and bodies influenced by two or more cultures |
| colonialism | a practice in which countries claim control over territories, the people in the them, and their natural resources, then exploit them for economic gain |
| transnational corporations | organizations that operate in more than one country |
| global commodity chains | a transnational economic process that involves extracting natural resources, transforming them into goods, and marketing and distribution them to consumers |
| nation state system | a world society consisting of only sovereign self contained territories |
| global cities | urban areas that act as key hubs in the world economy |
| world systems | a global market organized by a capitalist economy |
| core nations | countries that are core to the world economy: Japan, US, Canada, Nation States of Western Europe, other advanced industrialized nation states |
| global slave trade | the practice of kidnapping human beings transporting them around the world and selling them for profit |
| global power elite | relatively small groups of interconnected people who occupy top positions in globally important social institutions |
| semi-peripheral nations | middle income countries |
| peripheral nations | poor countries that are home to the world's working poor- contribute to mostly natural resources and physical labor to the world economy |
| transnational social movements | framing social problems in a way that resonated with people all over the world |
| global imagined community | a social constructed in group based on a shared planed |
| moral entrepreneuers | activists who attempt to reshape our understanding of right and wrong |
| disinvestment | power elite removing investment from places like Exxonmobil |
Created by:
emmamh927