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Sociology Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is deviance? | Behaviors that violate social rules and norms |
| Deviance statistical approach | treats deviant as anything that is statistically unusual or has a low probability or likelihood. |
| Deviance social norm approach | Rules of behavior that tell us what is and isn't acceptable in a given culture. |
| Deviance legalistic approach | Any violation of the law is necessarily deviant. |
| Deviance relativist approach | Behaviors, conditions, and beliefs are deviant only to the extent that cultures regard them as deviant. |
| Deviance absolute approach | Some behaviors, conditions, and beliefs are inherently, objectively deviant. |
| What is primary deviance | Rule breaking individuals engage in without a deviant label. |
| What is secondary deviance | Rule-breaking behavior that occurs as a result of a deviant label. |
| Labeling theory | Individuals know themselves by how others label them. |
| What does primary & secondary deviancy have to do with labeling theory? | They related because however you are labeled is how you see yourself. |
| What does it mean to say that deviance is relative? | A behavior in a given society may be considered deviant in one time period but acceptable many years later |
| How is social control achieved? | Accomplished through socialization (internalizing norms) and sanctions (rewards and punishments for behavior). Formal and informal. |
| What does Milgrim's study of obedience tell us about the power of authority and authority attached to status positions? | People obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative |
| Merton's strain theory | Deviance occurs as a result of blocked access to the means for reaching societal prescribed goals. |
| Opportunity theory | Access to opportunities to engage in deviant acts. |
| Conflict Theory | - Effects of power and social inequality - Poverty and crime - Crime by the elite - Law and social class Ex. - marijuana - Power, deviance, and social control |
| Differential Association theory | Deviance is learning through socialization |
| What are the sociological theories of deviance | - Effects on society - Who defines what is deviance - Benefits and problems to society |
| How are sociological theories different from psychological theories of deviance? | Sociological theories focus on the society while psychological theories focus on the individual. |
| What are the techniques of neutralization used to manage deviant identities? | - Denial of responsibility - Denial of injury - Denial of victim - condemning the condemners - Appeal to higher loyalties |
| What does it mean to say that race is socially constructed? | Race is socially constructed because we make being black, white, or asian as a category. |
| Race | A group of people perceived to be distinct because of physical appearance |
| Ethnicity | Share the same cultural heritage (language, nation of origin, and religion). |
| Prejudice | Irrational feelings toward members of a particular group which can stem from stereotypes |
| Discrimination | The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in a group |
| Stereotyping | Predetermined ideas about particular groups of people that are passed on through hearsay or small samples and held regardless of evidence. |
| What are the different types of racism | - Jim Crow (racial segregation) - Aversive (workplace discrimination) - Laissez-faire (people who do nothing to end racism) - Color blind (people who "don't see race") |
| How do sociologists define minority group? | Any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment |
| What characteristics make up minority groups? | - Involuntary membership - Less access to scarce resources - Discriminated against - Treated as members of a category regardless of individuality |
| In what ways does race and ethnic inequality exist today? | - Educ. - different for black and white people. - Housing- redlining practices persists today. - Econ - unemployment rate varies by race. - justice syst- Racial disparities. - Health care - better for white people & are most likely to have it + asians |
| Why is race and ethic inequality a social problem? | Because it impacts society in a economic way, effects family |
| What is Institutional discrimination | The policies and practices of institutions that favor some groups at the expense of others |
| What is individual discrimination | The behavior of individual members of one race/ethnic/gender group that is intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on the members of another race/ethnic/gender group. |
| What is racism | A racial hierarchy that advantages white people and hurts people of color. |
| How does racism reinforce and maintain race and ethnic inequality? | Through housing, the economy, education, the criminal justice system, health care, and government. |
| What is privilege? | Unearned access or advantages granted to specific groups of people because of their membership in a social group |
| What are the effects of privilege | Effects emotions and self-esteem |
| Functionalism Theory on Race | - Assimilation and dysfunctions |
| Conflict theory on race | - Inequality benefits the dominant group |
| Symbolic theory on race | - Selective perception - Labels/stereotypes - Socialization into prejudice - Language |
| What is sexism | The belief that one sex is superior to another and therefore unequal treatment is justified. |
| how does sexism reinforce and maintain gender inequality? | They are used to justify and maintain the historical relations of power of men over women as well as sexist attitudes which are holding back the advancement of women. |
| What are gender boxes | binary 'boxes' into which women and men are expected to fit |
| what role does homophobia play in enforcing gender role behavior? | In the hypermasculine world, to be a "real man," you must be heterosexual. |
| What does it mean to say that gender is socially constructed? | Gender is a product of society. It's a social concept that we learn and continually create through our interactions with others. |
| How do we know that gender is socially constructed? | Socially constructed displays of gender. (A female identifying as transgender when they were born a male). |
| What is the functionalist perspective on gender inequality? | Structural functionalists typically overlook the social construction of gender. Men play roles as the leader & breadwinner. Women play roles as supporting men and nurturing the children. |
| What is the conflict/feminist perspective on gender inequality? | Focus on gender in relationship to macro-level social structures but in very different ways. They examine the seven institutions -Family, religion, economy, education, government, health care, and media, and how they influence us. |
| What is the symbolic interactionist perspective on gender inequality? | Focus on the gender socialization lessons we learn through our interactions with other people and gendered images in the media. |
| how de we experience gender socialization in the media? | Instruct us on what a woman and a man should be and the consequences of not living up to these ideals. |
| how de we experience gender socialization in school? | The hidden curriculum consists of the attitudes, behaviors, and values the educational system transmits outside the formal curriculum - boys and girls are different. |
| how do we experience gender socialization in family? | Parents interact with sons in more aggressive and physical styles of play and are more likely to welcome gender nonconformity from their girls than their boys. |
| how do we experience gender socialization in peers? | Boys learn how to get along and play effectively with other boys. In contrast, girls learn how to influence and play more cooperatively with other girls. |
| how do we experience gender socialization in religion? | The interplay between gender and religion can confine gender roles, but in other instances, it can empower and uphold them. |
| How does gender inequality affect women? | Has led to relatively few women in high-paying jobs. Many women also face a gender wage gap, earning less than men for the same work. |
| How does gender inequality affect men? | Men hold a disproportionate share of higher-paying jobs, |
Created by:
deanna_ay