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AP Chem Memorization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hydronium | H3O+ |
| Hydroxide | OH- |
| Nitrate | NO3- |
| Nitrite | NO2- |
| Carbonate | CO3⁻2 |
| Sulfate | SO4-2 |
| Sulfite | SO3-2 |
| Phosphate | PO4-3 |
| Phosphite | PO3-3 |
| Hydrochloric Acid | HCl |
| Hydrobromic Acid | HBr |
| Hydroiodic Acid | HI |
| Perchloric Acid | HClO4 |
| Nitric Acid | HNO3 |
| Sulfuric Acid | H2SO4 |
| Sodium Hydroxide | NaOH |
| Ammonia | NH3 |
| Ammonium | NH4+ |
| Solubility Rules | group 1, ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-) |
| -atoms are solid spheres -conservation of mass -law of definite proportions -law of multiple proportions | John Dalton |
| -discovered electrons using a cathode ray tube -plum pudding model -atoms are a diffuse positive charge with negative electrons throughout | J.J Thomson |
| -calculated the charge of an electron using charged oil drops | Robert Millikan |
| -gold foil experiment -atom is mostly empty space with a small positive nucleus | Ernest Rutherford |
| -discovered that electromagnetic energy is quantized | Max Planck |
| -showed that electrons were quantized -electrons are at fixed distances from the nucleus called them shells | Niels Bohr |
| -can't know the precise location and velocity of an electron at the same time (Uncertainty Principle) | Werner Heisenberg |