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psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| After studying biology all afternoon, Avani is having difficulty remembering the details of the organic chemistry material that she memorized that morning. transience retroactive interference source amnesia proactive interference the spacing effec | retroactive interference. |
| Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing gla the misinformation effect the self-reference effect proactive interference | the misinformation effect. |
| Speed-reading complex materials yields little long-term retention because it inhibits... the serial position effect. rehearsal. the next-in-line effect. proactive interference. retroactive interference. | rehearsal. |
| Which pioneering research made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory? Freud James Loftus Pavlov Ebbinghaus | Ebbinghaus |
| Automatic processing occurs without... conscious awareness. iconic memory. sensory memory. semantic encoding. long-term potentiation. | conscious awareness. |
| The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to... encoding failure. source amnesia. retrieval failure the spacing effect. retroactive interference | encoding failure. |
| Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ___________ memory. sensory implicit short-term state-dependent flashbulb | sensory |
| Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three constants almost completely decay in as short a time as... 12 seconds. 12 minutes. 1 minute. 1 second. 1 hour. | 12 seconds. |
| Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in term encoding failure proactive interference retroactive interference source amnesia storage decay | encoding failure. |
| As a child, Anthony dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Anthony's false recollection source amnesia mood-congruent memory implicit memory | source amnesia. |
| Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating... implicit memory. automatic processing. mood-congruent memory. semantic encoding. proactive interference. | semantic encoding. |
| When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use, people offer recollections closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier memory construction repression the self-reference effect | memory construction. |
| After hamsters learned whether to turn right or left in a maze in order to find food, their body temperature was lowered until the electric "blackout." The hamsters' directional memory was apparently a(n) _________ memo short-term long-term sensory | long-term |
| After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination of his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is ex automatic processing proactive interference retroactive interference encoding failure source amnesia | |
| One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. The formation of long-term memories often requires acoustic encoding semantic encoding | semantic encoding. |
| When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficult most likely resulted from a(n) _________ failure. storage rehearsal retrieval automatic processing encoding | retrieval |
| Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall p primin automatic processing the spacing effect | priming. |
| Shortly after you see a missing child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of... state-dependent memory. priming retroactive interference chunking | priming. |
| Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of... the method of loci. iconic memory. semantic encoding. | semantic encoding. |
| Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV next-in-line source amnesia | source amnesia. |
| Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is kno the spacing effec automatic processing. | the spacing effect. |
| The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called... long-term potentiation. iconic memory. semantic encoding. automatic processing. rehearsal. | semantic encoding. |
| Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of... storage. encoding. repression. relearning. retrieval. | retrieval |
| As an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations. They were making use of... the spacing effect. implicit memory. the method of loci. | the method of loci. |
| After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustra motivated forgetting the spacing effect. state-dependent memory. | state-dependent memory. |
| Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate proactive interference repre memory construction | memory construction. |
| After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Paterson counted aloud backward by threes in order to prevent... retroactive interference. encoding failure. source amnesia. rehearsal. | rehearsal. |
| Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of... semantic encoding. mood-congruent memory. | semantic encoding. |
| Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse? the spacing effect. the serial position effect. long-term potentiation. the misinformation effect. | the misinformation effect. |
| Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his... hypothalamus. hippocampus. motor cortex. | hippocampus. |
| Memories are primed by... the serial position effect. repression. source amnesia. retrieval cues. retroactive interference. | retrieval cues. |
| When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected findin the misinformation effect proactive interference | the misinformation effect. |
| Automatic processing occurs without... semantic encoding. sensory memory. iconic memory. long-term potentiation. conscious awareness. | conscious awareness. |
| Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory. implicit flashbulb semantic | implicit |
| After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. the self-reference effect source amnesia. | source amnesia. |
| Compared to adults, children are more susceptible to... the self-reference effect. automatic processing. long-term potentiation. proactive interference. the misinformation effect. | the misinformation effect. |
| Police interrogators have been trained to ask less suggestive and more effective questions in order to avoid... proactive interference. the next-in-line effect. long-term potentiation. the misinformation effect. | the misinformation effect. |
| For a fraction of a second, after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _________ memory. implicit iconic | iconic |
| Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to... retroactive interference. the misinformation effect. motivated forgetting. long-term potentiation. encoding failure. | encoding failure. |
| Philip has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his the spacing effect repression. | repression. |
| Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem cou mental set functional fixedness. her lack of a prototype for the solution. | mental set. |
| Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study... how attribution processes vary across cultures. the conflicts of the conscious and the unconscious. the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving. | the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving. |
| When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called... priming. incubation. insight. a heuristic. an algorithm. | an algorithm. |
| Serena is in a hotel room with a cake that needs slicing, but she does not have a knife. She goes to the bathroom and comes back with a long strand of dental floss, which sh Availability Heuristic. | Functional fixedness. |
| Democrats and Republicans can never seem to see eye-to-eye these days. Each party is constantly seeking information that upholds their beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence. They are using which me Confirmation bias Belief perseverance | Confirmation bias |
| Which of the following is usually associated with creativity? Convergent thinking a heuristic an algorithm a concept Divergent thinking | Divergent thinking |
| A physician might see a new patient with symptoms similar to certain cases she has seen in the past, so she may diagnose this new patient with the same illness as prior cases. Because of this __________, the algorithm. prototype. mental set. | mental set. |
| Your vacuum cleaner has stopped working. When it has stopped working in the past, a broken belt was the culprit, Because of your _____, you failed Heuristic thinking Belief Perseverance Mental set Divergent thinking | Mental set |
| At 17 months of age, Julie says "wada" whenever she wants a drink of water. Julie is most likely in the _________ stage of language development. one-word babbling telegraphic speech phonetic semantic | one-word |
| Noam Chomsky believes that all we need to acquire language is... linguistic determinism. reinforcement for babbling and other early verbal behaviors. imitation and drill. instruction in grammar. exposure to language in early childhoo | exposure to language in early childhood. |
| Which of the following illustrates belief perseveran You tend to become flustered and angered when your beliefs are refuted You refuse to listen to arguments counter to your beli Your belief remains intact even in the face of evidence to the contrary | Your belief remains intact even in the face of evidence to the contrary. |
| Noam Chomsky hypothesized that humans learn language through... General cognitive development. Conditioning and reinforcement. An innate language acquisition device. Trial-and-error. Interpersonal communication. | An innate language acquisition device. |
| English-speaking children learn to put the object of a sentence last, whereas Japanese-speaking children but the object before the verb. Chomsky suggests that this illustrates a difference in the two langu language acquisition device surface structure | surface structure. |
| Experts in a field prefer heuristics to algorithms because heuristics: guarantee solutions to problems. often save time. save money. | often save time. |
| Boris the chess master selects his next move by considering moves that would threaten his opponent's queen. His opponent, a chess-playing computer,. Boris is using a(n) and the computer is using a(n) heuristic; algorithm algorithm; heuristic | heuristic; algorithm |
| Whorf's linguistic determination hypothesis states that... language is primarily a learned ability. our left hemisphere is solely responsible for language. our language shapes our thinking. | our language shapes our thinking. |
| A tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match pre-existing mental categories is called... mind set. functional fixedness. representative heuristic. intuition. | |
| Which of the following best describes Chomsky's view of language development? There are no cultural influences on the development of language Humans have a biological predisposition to acquire language. Language is an entirely learned ability. | Humans have a biological predisposition to acquire language. |
| Which of the following best supports Chomsky’s argument for humans having a “Language Acquisition Device”? all children go through a babbling stage. | |
| Jasmine forgot her 3 digit locker combination. Jasmine all of a sudden remembers that if she lines up all the digits to zero, her lock automatically resets so she could open her locker. functional fixedness Insight learning. | Insight learning. |
| Fluency, flexibility, and originality are characteristic of which type of thought? Divergent thinking. Algorithm. Convergent thinking. Judgement formation. | Divergent thinking. |
| A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport give me?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the __________ of the English language. nomenclature phonemes phenotypes syntax | syntax |
| “It snowed.” Based on the “ed”, I can assume that the snow occurred in the past. I’m using which idea of grammar to make this assumption? Framing Phonemes Syntax Semantics | Semantics |
| How many phonemes does the word, “Chance” have? | |
| Complete the following analogy: Rose is to flower as: phoneme is to morpheme concept is to prototype. prototype is to concept. hierarchy is to concept. concept is to hierarchy. | prototype is to concept. |
| Rudy is 6 feet 6 inches tall, weighs 210 pounds, and is very muscular. If you think that Rudy is more likely to be a basketball player than a computer programmer, you are a victim of u availability heuris mental set the representativeness heuristic. | the representativeness heuristic. |
| Noam Chomsky believes that all we need to acquire language is... reinforcement for babbling and other early verbal behaviors. imitation and drill. exposure to language in early childhood. | exposure to language in early childhood. |
| Who proposed the idea that language development could be explained with the principles of learning? | |
| Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people's decisions are being influenced the availability heuristic belief bias | the availability heuristic. |
| A common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to... accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opini lack confidence in our decision making strategies. accept as logical conclusions that involve unfamiliar concepts. | |
| Mental set and functional fixedness are two types of... insight learning. algorithms. availability heuristics. representative heuristics. fixations. | fixations. |
| The term “cognition” includes... An active process by which sensory input is organized. Thinking, problem solving, reasoning and dreaming The ability to differentiate colors. Classical and operant conditioning | Thinking, problem solving, reasoning and dreaming |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of creativity? Venturesome personality Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation | Extrinsic motivation |
| Most people tend to... accurately estimate the accuracy of their knowledge. overestimate the accuracy of their knowledge. lack confidence in their decision-making strategies. | overestimate the accuracy of their knowledge. |
| Which of the following is not true of babbling? both hearing and deaf children both babble. It is imitation of adult speech. Babbling increasingly comes to resemble a particular language. | It is imitation of adult speech. |
| For language test with normal distributed scores, the mean was 70 and the standard deviation was 10. Approximately what percentage of test takers scored 60 and above? 84 95 16 68 34 | 84 |
| Which of the following is usually associated with creativity? a concept Divergent thinking Convergent thinking a heuristic | Divergent thinking |
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