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Env Science 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| City Planning | provides advice and solutions regarding development options, transportation needs, public parks, and other matters |
| Exurbs | regions beyond suburban areas |
| Gentrification | transformation of a neighborhood to wealthier people |
| greenbelts | long and wide corridors of park lands, often encircling an entire urban area |
| green buildings | buildings designed to minimize the ecological footprint of these structures in their construction and operation |
| greenways | strips of land that connect parks or neighborhoods, often along rivers, streams, canals, or walking trails |
| LEED | Encourages the existence of green buildings |
| Light pollution | street lights and other light sources that obscure the night sky and impair sleep |
| Mass transit | public buses, trains, subways, or light rail that can move large numbers of passengers while occupying less space than road networks |
| New urbanism | designs neighborhoods on a walkable scale with homes, businesses, schools, and other amenities all nearby |
| noise pollution | undesired sound |
| regional planning | city planning but for larger areas |
| smart growth | mixing land uses, taking advantage of compact building design, creating a range of housing opportunities and choices, creating walkable neighborhoods, having communities with a strong sense of place, preserving open space and natural beauty |
| sprawl | the spread of low-density urban, suburban, or exurban development out from an urban center |
| suburbs | smaller communities that ring cities |
| transit-oriented development | enables people to travel most places either by foot or rail |
| urban ecology | a field that treats cities as ecosystems that must develop ways to recycle waste and wastewater, use resources efficiently, and develop green technologies |
| UGBS | help to revitalize downtowns, protect farms, orchards and forests, and save money by restricting money spent on sprawl |
| urban heat island effect | when cities tend to have ambient temperatures that are high than surrounding areas |
| urban planning | city planning |
| urbanization | The shift of population into towns and cities |
| zoning | the practice of classifying different areas for different types of development and land use |
| acute exposure | being exposed to a substance for a short period of time |
| allergens | overactivate the immune system, causing an immune response when one is not necessary |
| asbestos | a substance that was used in the past as insulation in walls and other products |
| asbestosis | a disease caused by inhaling asbestos |
| bioaccumulation | when the concentration of the substance in the animal’s tissues will exceed that of the environment |
| biological hazards | result from interactions with other organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, insects, or parasites |
| biomagnification | results in greater and greater concentrations of the toxin |
| breakdown products | when toxicants degrade into simpler compounds may be less or equally harmful as the original substance |
| carcniogens | substances or types of radiation that cause cancer |
| case history | The process of observation and analysis of individual patients |
| chemical hazards | synthetic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, and pesticides, and natural toxins like venom |
| chronic exposure | being exposed to dangerous substances for long periods of time |
| cultural hazards | the result of our place of residence, socioeconomic status, occupation, or behavioral choices |
| dose response | dose - amount of substance response - the type of effects the animal exhibits as a result of dose |
| dose-response analysis | quantifying the toxicity of a substance by measuring its effects on animals at different doses |
| dose-response curve | dose on the x axis, response on y axis |
| ED50 | 50% of a dose |
| endocrine disruptors | interfere with the functions of body hormones, either by blocking them, accelerating their breakdown, or mimicking their effects |
| environmental health | a field that assesses environmental factors that can influence our health and quality of life |
| environmental toxicology | the study of anthropogenic chemicals released into the environment that have human health effects |
| epidemiological studies | large-scale comparisons among groups of people |
| infectious disease | illnesses that can be spread from person-to-person |
| LD50 | The amount of substance needed to kill half the population of study animals |
| lead | a heavy metal that, when ingested, damages the brain, liver, kidney, and stomach |
| lead poisoning | when lead damages the brain, liver, kidney, and stomach |
| mutagens | substances that cause genetic mutations in the DNA of organisms |
| neurotoxins | damage the nervous system |
| noninfectious disease | develop without the action of a foreign organism |
| pathway inhibitors | block one or more steps in important biochemical pathways |
| physical hazards | arise from natural environmental processes, such as UV radiation from sunlight and natural disasters |
| phthalates | chemicals used as softeners in plastics and fragrance enhancers in some perfumes and cosmetics |
| PBDEs | compounds used as fire retardants in a variety of products, including electronics, plastics, and furniture |
| probability | a quantitative description of the likelihood of a certain outcome |
| radon | a radioactive gas that seeps up from certain types of bedrock. It is colorless and undetectable without specialized kits |
| REACH | requires industry to determine chemical safety, and submit those results to national governments for approval |
| risk | The probability that some harmful outcome will result from a given action, event, or substance |
| risk assessment | The quantitative measurement of risk and the comparison of risks involved in different activities and substances |
| risk management | decisions and strategies to minimize risk based on comparisons of costs and benefits |
| synergistic effects | when the interactive impacts of chemicals are greater than the sum of their individual effects |
| teratogens | anything that causes a birth defect |
| threshold dose | a response to some toxicants only occur above a certain dose, or threshold |
| toxicant | chemical substances that harm people |
| toxictity | the degree of harm caused by a chemical substance |
| toxicology | the science of examining the effects of poisonous substances on humans and other organisms |
| Toxic Substances Control Act | directs the EPA to monitor thousands of industrial chemicals manufactured in or imported to the United States |
| toxins | toxic chemicals manufactured in the tissues as living organisms, often used as defense against others |
| vectors | organisms that transfer diseases to their host |
| A prosperous area far away from an urban center would be considered a(n) | exurb |
| Which of these accurately describes an effect of an urban population migrating into a suburban area? | Increased rates of vehicle-related pollution |
| Which of these would reduce the urban heat island effect? | adding more parks and green spaces |
| A city develops a long-term plan where each neighborhood has access to schools, grocery stores, and other amenities within walking distance or via rail service. What is the name of this example? | new urbanism |
| Which of these conditions would be classified as an infectious disease? | Influenza |
| Lead is a heavy metal that was released into the air when vehicle engines combusted leaded gasoline prior to its phaseout in the 1970s. What kind of hazard would this be? | Chemical |
| Phthalates can block certain hormones from binding to cell structures. How would they be classified? | Endocrine Disruptor |
| A typical person is exposed to very low amounts of phthalates (less than 0.05 mg/kg body weight), but the exposure occurs on a daily basis. This would be considered _____ exposure | Chronic |
| Fat-soluble toxins like DDT, when present in the environment, will build up in the fatty tissues of organisms over time to high concentrations. This is an example of | bioaccumulation |
| Due to biomagnification, persistent toxins like DDT are generally found at the greatest concentrations in what level of the food chain? | Tertiary (top) consumers |
| A non-lethal substance is tested with a population of mice. Researchers determine that a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight will elicit health effects in half the population. What is this number called? | ED 50 |
| Based on these LD50 values, which of these is the most acutely toxic? | Nicotine, 13.0 mg/kg body weight |
| Which of these is the correct sequence followed by governments in writing laws and regulations dealing with toxic chemicals? | Risk assessment → Risk management → Policy |
| The European Union takes a _____ philosophy when it comes to regulating chemicals, while the United States takes a _____ philosophy. | precautionary principle; Innocent-until-proven- guilty |
Created by:
FractiousFox