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HGE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deals with fluids at rest | Fluid Statics |
| Concerned with fluid in motions | Fluid Dynamics |
| Applied to the flow of liquids or to low velocity gas flows where the gas can be considered as being essentially incompressible | Hydrodynamics |
| Deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices involving liquids, usually water or oil. | Hydraulics |
| Any substance that flows or deforms continuously when subjected to shearing forces. | Fluid |
| The following are the characteristics of _____? - Exhibit infinite viscosities - Non uniform velocity distribution when flowing - Compressible - Experiences friction and turbulence in flow | Ideal Fluids |
| The following are the characteristics of _____? - Assumed to have no viscosity - Incompressible - Have uniform velocity when flowing - No friction between moving layers of fluid - No eddy currents or turbulence | Real Fluids |
| The density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume. | Mass Density |
| Volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid. | Specific Volume |
| The weight of a unit volume of a fluid. | Unit Weight |
| Dimensionless ratio of a fluid's density to some standard reference density. | Specific Gravity |
| The property of fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces | Viscosity |
| Ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, to its mass density. | Kinematic Viscosity |
| - A force within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet. - The membrane of skin that seems to form on the free surface of a fluid is due to the intermolecular cohesive forces | Surface Tension |
| The fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure in a constant temperature process. | Compressibility |
| - Ratio of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume change per unit of volume. - Expresses the compressibility of the fluid. | Bulk Modulus of Elasticity |
| Imposed on a fluid move in waves. The velocity or celerity of pressure wave known as acoustical or sonic velocity. | Pressure Disturbances |
| The equilibrium pressure exerted by these free molecules. | Vapor Pressure |
| Liquids near their boiling point or that vaporizes easily. | Volatile Liquids |
| Occurs when the liquid temperature is increased to the point that the vapor pressure is equal to the local ambient pressure. | Boiling |
| Force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all directions. | Pressure |
| The pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the liquid. | Pascal |
| Pressure above absolute zero. | Absolute Pressure |
| Pressure above or below the atmosphere and can be measured by pressure gauges or manometers. | Gauge Pressure |
| Pressure at any point on the earth surface from the weight of the air | Atmospheric Pressure |
| Space that has all matter removed from it. | Vacuum |
| Pressure above or below the atmosphere and can be measure by pressure gauges or manometers. | Relative Pressure |
| The height h of a column of homogenous liquid of unit weight that will produce an intensity pressure. | Pressure Head |
| A tube, usually bent in a form of U, containing a liquid of known specific gravity. | Manometer |
| A tube bent into a U-shape to contain one or more fluids of different specific gravities. It is used to measure pressure. | Open Manometer |
| Without an atmospheric surface and capable of measuring only difference of pressure. | Differential Manometer |
| - The simplest form of open manometer. - It is a tube tapped into a wall of a container or conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure. | Piezometer |
| Structures that block the flow of river, stream, or other waterway. | Dam |
| Used only the force of gravity to resist water pressure. | Gravity Dam |
| Gravity dam formed out of loose rock, earth, or a combination of these materials. | Embankment Dam |
| Consists of wall, or face, supported by several buttresses on the downstream side. | Buttress Dam |
| Anybody immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upward force called buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. | Archimedes Principle |
| The net upward force acting on the body. | Buoyant Force |
| The point of intersection between the axis of the body and the line of action of the buoyant force. | Metacenter |
| The distance from the metacenter to the center gravity of the body. | Metacentric Height |
| When the ship is in upright position, the force of buoyancy (up thrust) and the force of gravity (weight) acts through the center of buoyancy B and the center of gravity respectively, in the same vertical line. Then the ship is said to be in equilibrium. | Equilibrium |
| The force of buoyancy acts upward through metacenter and the force of gravity acts through center of gravity, thereby creating a momentum which tends to right the ship. | Stable Equilibrium |
| When the ship's metacenter lies below the center of gravity, the moment acts in the opposite direction, increasing the angle of heel. | Unstable Equilibrium |
| When the ship's metacenter and center of gravity coincide at same point. There is no moment acting on the ship so it remains inclined. | Neutral Equilibrium |
| Amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of time. | Discharge or Flow Rate |
| The volume of liquid passing a cross section of a stream. | Discharge |
| - The discharge Q passing a given cross section is constant with time. - Type of flow where the flow rate does not change over time. | Steady Flow |
| - If the flow Q at the cross section varies with time. - Type of flow where the mean velocity of flow for a given length or reach is the same at every cross section. | Unsteady Flow |
| The average velocity of flow is the same at every cross-section. | Uniform Flow |
| If the cross section and velocity changes. | Non-uniform Flow |
| - It occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section if the stream is the same. - Type of flow where at any time, the discharge or flow rate at every section of the stream is the same. | Continuous Flow |
| Type of flow in which, for a fixed rate of flow, the specific energy is minimum. | Critical Flow |
| Type of flow in which the density of the fluid is constant from one point to another. | Incompressible Flow |
| When the path of individual fluid particles do not cross or intersect. | Laminar Flow |
| Uninterrupted flow in a fluid near a solid boundary in which the direction of flow at every point remains constant. | Laminar Flow |
| When the path of individual particles are irregular and continuously cross each other. | Turbulent Flow |
| This occurs when in an incompressible fluid, the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical. | One-Dimensional Flow |
| This occurs when the fluid particles move in planes or parallel planes and the streamline patterns are identical in each plane. | Two-Dimensional Flow |
| A type of flow in which the fluid particles rotate about their own axis while flowing along the streamlines. | Rotational Flow |
| If the fluid particles while flowing along the streamline do not rotate about their own axis | Irrotational Flow |
| These are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction of motion in various sections of the flow of the fluid system. | Streamlines |
| These represents elementary portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a group of streamlines which confine the flow. | Streamtubes |
| These are drawn to indicate flow patterns in case of two-dimensional flow, or even three-dimensional flow. | Flow Nets |
| Consists of the kinetic and potential energy. | Energy |
| The amount of energy per pound or Newton of fluid. | Head |
| The ability of fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity. | Kinetic Energy |
| Energy possessed by virtue of its position with respect to the datum line. | Elevation Energy |
| Energy possessed by virtue of its pressure. | Pressure Energy |
| Sum of kinetic and the potential energies. | Total Flow Energy |
| The rate at which work done. | Power and Efficiency |
| In any stream flowing steadily without friction the total energy contained is the same at every point in its path of flow. | Bernoulli |
| States that "As the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases, and vice versa. | Bernoulli's Principle |
| Used basically to increase head. | Pump |
| Extract flow energy to do mechanical work which in turn converted into electrical energy for turbines. | Turbine |
| Known as pressure gradient hydraulic grade line. | Hydraulic Grade Line |
| The graphical representation of the total potential energy of flow. | Hydraulic Grade Line |
| A line joining the points of highest elevation of water of a series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure. | Hydraulic Gradient |
| Graphical representation of the total energy (the sum of kinetic and potential energies) | Energy Grade Line |
| An opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows. | Orifice |
| An instrument used in measuring the discharge through pipes. | Venturi Meter |
| A converging tube installed at the end of a pipe or hose for the purpose of increasing the velocity of the issuing jet. | Nozzle |
| Used to measure the velocity of fluid flow or velocity of air flow as used in airplane. | Pitot Tube |
| An opening in a dam or other hydraulic structure to control the passage of water. | Gates |
| Overflow structures which are built across are open channel for the purpose of measuring or controlling the flow of liquids. | Weir |
| The speed of efflux is equal to the speed of free fall from the surface of the reservoir. | Torriceli's Theorem |
| Are closed conduits through which fluid or gases flow. | Pipes |
| When the path of individual fluid particles do not cross or intersect. | Laminar Flow |
| When the path of individual particles are irregular and continuously cross each other. | Turbulent |
| The velocity below which all turbulence are damped out by the viscosity of the fluid. | Critical Velocity |
| Defines as the ration of inertia force to viscous force and interpreted as the ratio dynamic pressure to shearing stress. | Reynolds Number |
| Caused by pipe friction along straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform roughness. | Major Head Loss |
| Caused by changes in velocity or directions of flow an are commonly express in terms of kinetic energy. | Minor Head Loss |
| These changes may be due to sudden contraction, sudden enlargement, valves, bends, and any other pipe fittings. | Minor Head Loss |
| Defined as the energy per unit weight relative to the bottom of the channel. | Specific Energy |
| The average boundary shear stress acting over the wetted surface of the channel. | Boundary Shear Stress |
| Depth at which flow will occur in an open channel. | Normal Depth |
| Known as economical sections, these are sections which for a given slope S. channel cross sectional area A, and roughness n, the rate of discharge is a maximum. | Most efficient cross section |
| It is a dimensionless value that describes different flow regimes of open channel flow. | Froude Number |
| Defined as the depth at which for a given total head, the discharge is maximum, or conversely, the depth at which for a given flow, the specific energy is minimum. | Critical Depth |
| Slope required to given uniform flow at a critical depth. | Critical Depth |
| Abrupt increase in depth of rapidly flowing water. | Hydraulic Jump |
| Deals with the study of the motion of a fluid and of the interactions of the fluid with its boundaries. | Hydrodynamics |
| This chapter will discuss the forces developed by moving fluids as it is important in the analysis and design of such objects as pumps, turbines, airplanes, rockets and many other hydraulic devices. | Hydrodynamics |
| A body at rest will remain to be at rest or in motion will remain in motion with a uniform velocity along a straight line until acted upon by an external force. | Law of inertia |
| A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force system has an acceleration inline with and directly proportional to the resultant of the force system and inversely proportional to its mass. | Law of force |
| In every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction. | Law of stress |
| Component of the resultant force exerted by a fluid on a body parallel to the relative motion of the fluid. | Drag |
| It acts opposite to the direction of the oncoming flow velocity. | Drag Force |
| The resultant of all pressure forces exerted on the forces of the body. | Pressure drag |
| The resultant of the shear stress along the surface of the body in the direction of motion. | Friction Drag |
| Component of the resultant force exerted by a fluid on a body perpendicular to the relative motion of the body. | Lift |
| A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly. | Water Hammer |
| The ratio of the volume of void space to the volume of solid substance. | Void Ratio |
| The ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of the soil sample or specimen. It is simply the open space between the soil grains. | Porosity |
| The ratio of the volume of water in the void spaces to the volume of the voids. It is simple the measure of the void volume that is filled by water, expressed as a percentage ranging from 0 to 100. | Degree of Saturation |
| The ratio of weight of water to the weight of solids in a given volume of soil. | Moisture Content |
| The weight of soil per unit volume. | Unit Weight |
| The weight per unit volume of soil, excluding water. | Dry Unit Weight |
| The bulk unit weight of a soil when it is 100 percent saturated. | Saturated Unit Weight |
| Known as total, wet or moist unit weight. It is the total weight divided by total volume. | Bulk Unit Weight |
| The hydraulic gradient that brings a soil (essentially, coarse-grained soils) to static liquefaction. | Critical Hydraulic Gradient |
| The ratio of the of the total mass to the total volume of a unit of soil. Usually expressed as a unit weight where weight is interchanged with mass. | Density |
| The ratio of the mass of the solids (soil grains) to the total unit volume of soil. | Dry density |
| Difference between the total density and the density of water. Also, buoyant density. | Submerged Density |
| The density of a granular soil relative to the minimum and maximum densities achieved for that particular soil. Also relative density. | Density Index |
| Used to describe the degree of firmness of soil. | Consistency |
| The attraction of one water molecule to another resulting from hydrogen bonding (water-water bond). | Cohesion |
| It involves the attraction of water molecule to a non-water molecule (water-solid bond). | Adhesion |
| The capacity of soil to adhere to other objects. It is estimated at moisture content that displays maximum adherence between thumb and forefinger. | Stickiness |
| A field measure of the ability of the soil to withstand an applied stress or pressure as applied using the thumb and forefinger. | Rupture Resistance |
| The limits of water content used to define soil behavior. | Atterberg's Limit |
| The moisture content in percent required to close a distance of 12.7 mm along the bottom of the groove after 25 blows. | Liquid Limit |
| Defined as the moisture content at which soil begins to behave as a liquid material and begins to flow. | Liquid Limit |
| The device used in this method consists of a brass cup and a hard rubber. The brass cup is dropped into the base by a cam operated by a crank. | Cup Method to Determine Liquid Limit |
| The moisture content at which the transition from Semi-Solid to Plastic State. | Plastic Limit |
| The moisture content at which the transition from Solid to Semi-solid takes place defined as the moisture content at which no further volume change occurs with further reduction in moisture content. | Shrinkage Limit |
| Ratio which signifies the relative consistency of a cohesive in the natural state. | Liquidity Index |
| Degree a soil can be molded or reworked causing permanent deformation without rupturing. | Plasticity |
| The ratio of the difference between the liquid limit and water content to the difference between the liquid limit and the plasticity index. | Consistency Index |
| Difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil. | Plasticity Index |
| The difference between the plastic and shrinkage limits. | Shrinkage Index |
| Soils formed by the weathered products at their place of origin. | Residual Soil |
| Soils formed by deposition of quiet lakes. | Lacustrine Soil |
| Soils transported by running water and deposited along streams. | Alluvial Soil |
| Soils formed by the transportation and deposition of glaciers. | Glacial Soil |
| Soils deformed by deposition in the seas. | Marine Soil |
| Soil with occasional particles of quartz, feldspar and other minerals. | Gravel Soil |
| Soils transported and deposited by wind. | Aelian Soil |
| Defined the ratio of the plasticity index to the percent of clay size fraction, by weight as activity. | Skempton |
| Used to determine the grain size distribution of coarse-grained soil. | Sieve Analysis |
| Used to determine the grain size distribution of the soils passing the No. 200 sieve. | Hydrometer Analysis |
| This diameter in the particle size distribution curve corresponding to 10% finer. It is used to measure the hydraulic conductivity and drainage through the soil. | Effective Size |
| The grain size corresponding to 10% passing on a grain-size distribution curve. | Effective Size |
| Used to determine the following four parameters for a given soil. | Particle-Size Distribution Curve |
| Defined as the ratio between the grain diameter (in mm) corresponding to 60% passing on the curve (D60) divided by the diameter of the 10% (D10) passing. | Coefficient of Uniformity |
| Defined as the ratio between the square of the grain diameter (in mm) corresponding to 30% passing on the curve (D30) divided by the product of the grain diameter of the 60% (D60) passing and the grain diameter of the 10% passing. | Coefficient Gradation |
| A measure of the shape parameter obtained from a grain size distribution curve. Also curvature coefficient. | Coefficient of Curvature |
| A type of soil in the particle size distribution curve in which most of the soil grains are the same size. | Poorly Graded |
| was originally proposed by the Highway Research Board's Committee on Classification of Materials for Subgrades and Granular Type Road. Acc. to the present form of the system, soil can be classified acc. to 8 major groups, A-1 thru A-8. | AASHTO System |
| Soil classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. The classification system van be applied to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol. | USCS System |
| Soils with more than 50% by weight of grains retained on the #200 sieve (0.075mm). | Coarse-grained soils |
| Silt and clay soil. Soils containing particles smaller than No. 200 sieve or 0.075 mm in size according to the Unified Soil Classification System. | Fine-grained soils |
| According to the USCS Soil Classification of a soil particle whose size is greater than 75 mm. | Cobbles |
| Also called as Textural classification system. | USDA System |
| Soil particles which are finer (smaller) than 0.002 mm in size. | Clay |
| Volume change in soils which air is expelled from the voids, but with the water content remaining constant. Compaction may occur due to vibration, and self-weight. In construction, compaction is achieved by rolling, tamping or vibrating fill soils. | Compaction |
| The standard procedure for determining the field unit weight of compacted soil include: | Nuclear Method Sand cone Method Rubber balloon Method |
| The moisture content at which the maximum dry unit weight is attained. | Optimum moisture content |
| The laboratory test generally used to obtain the max dry unit weight of compaction and the optimum moisture content. | Proctor Compaction Test |
| The property of soil which permits flow of water or other liquids through or it is the case with which water can flow through ti. | Permeability |
| A soil property obtained in the laboratory from a Proctor test. Density of soil at 100% compaction. | Maximum Dry Density |
| The constant of permeability, a factor that indicates if the volume of flow is to be great or small, relatives to the ease or difficulty with which water moves through the soil. | Coefficient of Permeability |
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rixism