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Describe the major structures of the respiratory system
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Discuss the physiology of breathing
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Airway Objectives
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the major structures of the respiratory system | The respiratory system consists of all the structures in the body that make up the airway and help us breathe, or ventilate. The airway is divided into the upper and lower airway. |
| Discuss the physiology of breathing | The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to ensure that a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients is delivered to every cell in the body and carbon dioxide and waste products are removed from every cell. |
| Give the signs of adequate breathing. | - A normal rate (12 to 20 breaths/min) - A regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation - Clear and equal lung sound on both sides of the chest (bilateral) - Regular and equal chest rise and fall (chest expansion) - Adequate depth (tidal volume) |
| Give the signs of inadequate breathing. | - Respiratory rate of fewer than 12 breaths/min or more than 20 breaths/min in the presence of shortness of breath (dyspnea) - Irregular rhythm, such as a patient taking a series of deep breaths followed by periods of apnea. - Diminished, absent sounds |
| Describe the assessment and care of a patient with apnea | Apnea is the absence of spontaneous breathing. Patients with inadequate breathing have inadequate minute volume and to be treated immediately. |
| Explain how to assess for adequate and inadequate respiration, including the use of pulse oximetry. | There are external factors that may disrupt the process of respiration. A patient's level of consciousness and skin color are excellent indicators or respiration. The pulse oximeter measures the percentage of hemoglobin saturation. |
| Explain how to assess for a patent airway | assess for a pulse and breathing; if the patient has a pulse, you need to determine whether breathing is adequate. To most effectively open the airway and assess breathing, the unresponsive patient should be in a supine position. |
| Describe how to perform the head tilt-chin lift maneuver. | With the patient in a supine position, position yourself beside the patient's head. Place the heel of one hand on the patient's forehead, and apply firm backward pressure with your palm to tilt the patient's head back. |
| Describe how to perform the head tilt-chin lift maneuver. | Place the fingertips of your other hand under the lower jaw near the bony part of the chin. Lift the chin upward, bringing the entire lower jaw with i, helping to tilt the head back. Do not use your thumb to lift the chin. |
| Describe how to perform the jaw-thrust maneuver | Kneel above the patient's head. Place your fingers behind the angles of the lower jaw, and move the jaw upward. Use your thumbs to help position the lower jaw to allow breathing through the mouth and nose. |
| Explain the importance of and techniques for suctioning. | You must keep the airway clear so that you can ventilate the patient properly. If the airway is not clear, you will force the fluids and secretions into the lungs and possibly cause a complete airway obstruction. |
| Explain how to measure and insert an oropharyngeal (oral) airway. | To select the proper size, measure from the patient's earlobe or angle of the jaw to the corner of the mouth. |
| Describe how to measure and insert a nasopharyngeal (nasal) airway. | Measure from the tip of the patient's nose to the earlobe. |
| Explain the use of the recovery position to maintain a clear airway. | The recovery position is used to help maintain a clear airway in an unconscious patient who is not injured and is breathing on his or her own with a normal respiratory rate and adequate tidal volume. The recovery position will prevent vomit |
| Describe the importance of giving supplemental oxygen to patients who are hypoxic. | Always give supplemental oxygen to patients who are hypoxic because not enough oxygen is being supplied to the tissues and cells of the body. Never withhold oxygen from any patient who might benefit from it, especially if you must assist ventilations. |
| Discuss the basics of how oxygen is stored and the various hazards associated with its use. | Oxygen you will give to patients is usually supplied as a compressed gas in green, seamless, steel or aluminum cylinders. Newer cylinders are often made of lightweight aluminum older cylinders are much heavier. Handle compressed gas cylinders carefully. |
| Explain the use of a nonrebreathing mask and the oxygen flow requirements for its use. | The nonrebreathing mask is the preferred way of giving oxygen in the prehospital setting to patients who are breathing adequately but are suspected of having or showing signs of hypoxia. Flow rate of 10 to 15 L/min and oxygen delivered is up to 95%. |
| Describe the indications for using a nasal cannula rather than a nonrebreathing face mask. | A nasal cannula delivers oxygen through two small, tubelike prongs that fit into the patient's nostrils. Flow rate of 1 to 6 L/min and oxygen delivered between 24% and 44%. |
| Describe the indications for using a humidifier during supplemental oxygen therapy. | An oxygen humidifier consist of a small single-patient-use bottle of water through which the oxygen leaving the cylinder becomes moisturized before it reaches the patient. |
| Describe how to perform mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-mask ventilation. | Kneel at the patient's head. Open the airway using the head tilt-chin lift maneuver. Insert an oral or nasal airway. Connect the one-way valve to face mask and lace the mask .Deep breathe and exhale through the open port of the one-way valve. |
| Describe the use of a one- or two- person bag-valve mask (BVM) and a manually triggered ventilation (MTV) device. | Select the proper size mask and assemble your equipment. Kneel above the patient's head. Open the patient's mouth, and suction as needed. Seal. Squeeze the bag with your other hand until you see adequate chest rise. |
| Describe the signs associated with adequate and inadequate artificial ventilation. | Adequate: - Visible and equal chest rise and fall with ventilation. - Ventilations delivered at the appropriate rate -10 to 12 breaths/min for adults -12 to 20 breaths.min for infants and children |
| Describe the signs associated with adequate and inadequate artificial ventilation. | Inadequate: - Minimal or no chest rise and fall - Ventilations are delivered too fast or too slowly for patient's age - Heart rate does noes not return to normal range - Patient's color remains cyanotic, mottled, or deteriorates. |
| Describe the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). | CPAP is a noninvasive means of providing ventilatory support for patients experiencing respiratory distress. |
| Explain how to recognize and care for a foreign body airway obstruction. | Obstruction from a foreign body can result in a mild airway obstruction or a severe airway obstruction. The patient will usually have noisy breathing and may be coughing. Patient's with a severe airway obstruction cannot breathe, talk, or cough. |
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emt2023quinn