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S&P Ch 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain | attention |
| the form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli | selective attention |
| what are the 6 varieties of attention? | external, internal, overt, covert, divided, sustained |
| attending to stimuli in the world | external attention |
| attending to one line of thought over another or selecting one response over another | internal attention |
| directing a sense organ towards a stimulus (eg turning your eyes or your head) | overt attention |
| attention attending without giving an outward sign you are doing so | covert attention |
| splitting attention between 2 different stimuli | divided attention |
| continuously monitoring some stimulus | sustained attention |
| attention is restricted in space and moves from one point to the next; areas within the spotlight receive extra processing | "spotlight" model |
| the attended region can grow or shrink depending on the size of the area to be processed | "zoom lens" model |
| what are the 4 steps in the Posner Cueing Paradigm? | cue (central or peripheral), target, task, results |
| a measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response | reaction time |
| the relative difficulty in getting attention (or the eyes) to move back to a recently attended (or fixated) location | inhibition of return (IOR) |
| the time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another | stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) |
| looking for a target in a display containing distracting elements | visual search |
| the goal of a visual search | target |
| in visual search, any stimulus other than the target | distractor |
| the number of items in a visual search display | set size |
| search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient color or orientation | feature search |
| the vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors | salience |
| in visual attention, referring to the processing of multiple stimuli at the same time | parallel |
| a search from item to item, ending when a target is found | serial self-terminating search |
| attention is restricted to a subset of possible items based on information about the item’s basic features (e.g., color or shape) | guided search |
| search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes; no single feature defines the target; defined by the co-occurrence of two or more features | conjunction search |
| information in our understanding of scenes that helps us find specific objects in scenes; e.g., a mug will typically be found on a horizontal surface and a picture will typically be found on a vertical surface | scene-based guidance |
| the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli, which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so we perceive a unified object; e.g., a vertical red bar moving to the right | the binding problem |
| anne treisman’s theory of visual attention, which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively, but that other properties, including the correct binding of features to objects, require attention | feature integration theory |
| the processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus | preattentive stage |
| an erroneous combination of two features in a visual scene; e.g., seeing a red X when the display contains red letters and Xs but no red Xs | illusory conjunction |
| an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location (typically the point of fixation) at a rapid rate (typically about eight per second) | rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) |
| the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a RSVP stream of distracting stimuli | attentional blink |
| what are the 3 ways responses of a cell could be changed by attention? | response enhancement, sharper tuning, altered tuning |
| a portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system | visual-field defect |
| in visual attention, the inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field | neglect |
| permits the recognition of one or a very few objects at a time; passes through the bottleneck of selective attention | selective pathway |
| contributes information about the distribution of features across a scene as well as information about the “gist” of the scene; does not pass through the bottleneck of attention | nonselective pathway |
| what are the 2 pathways to scene perception? | selective pathway and nonselective pathway |
| the average and distribution of properties, such as orientation or color, over a set of objects or a region in a scene; computed by nonselective pathway | ensemble statistics |
| the description of the structure of a scene (e.g., enclosed, open, rough, smooth) without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene; computed by nonselective pathway | spatial layout |
| the failure to notice a change between two scenes | change blindness |
| a failure to notice—or at least to report—a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended | inattention blindness |
| in directing attention, a cue that is located out (exo) at the desired final location of attention | exogenous cue |
| in directing attention, a cue that is located in (endo) or near the current location of attention | endogenous cue |
| a stimulus that might make it easier or faster to respond to a subsequent stimulus; if you are primed by the word “cat”, you will respond more quickly to the word “mouse” than to “broom” or some other unrelated word | primes |
| typically a relatively big object that provides information about the location of other objects; for instance, the toilet provides information about the location of the toilet paper | anchor objects |
| an effect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus gives a bigger response | response enhancement |
| an effect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus responds more precisely | sharper tuning |
| an effect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus responds more precisely | altered tuning |
Created by:
abbeysmith20122