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Chem Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ORGANIC CHEMISTRY | • Systematic branch of chemistry of carbon-based compounds • Carbon + – Hydrogen – Oxygen – Nitrogen – Sulfur – Chlorine – Phosphorus – Bromine – compounds organized into various classes – How the carbon is bonded influences properties react |
| Functional groups | – Characteristic group of atoms/bonds that possess a predictable chemical behavior. |
| Solubility | “Like dissolves like” Polar dissolves polar and nonpolar dissolves nonpolar • Many organic compounds are nonpolar – won’t dissolve in water!! • Many organic compounds are weak acids or weak bases – we can use acid-base chemistry to manipulate them |
| FTIR – Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy | Infrared Spectroscopy can identify functional groups by measuring molecular vibrational frequencies |
| Saturated fats | Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons – Maximum number or hydrogen atoms for a given number of carbons |
| Unsaturated Fats | Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons – Less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon bond because they have double bonds |
| Polymers | long chain molecule linking together smaller molecules monomers • Natural polymers include: – Polysaccharides • starch, glycogen, and cellulose – proteins, and nucleic acids • RNA and DNA • Synthetic polymers – nylon – dacron – synthetic rubber |
| Carbohydrates | short term energy storage Monosaccharide small carbohydrate molecule = simple sugar Disaccharide two monosaccharides bonded together Lactose glucose bonded to galactose. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose /fructose. sugars/starches |
| primary structure | protein consists of the sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | is based on how the amino acid chains interact to assume different shapes hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes amino acids to form a pattern |
| Tertiary structure | 3d folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions |
| quaternary structure | protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | found in the nucleus Nucleic Acids are polymers!! Nucleotides are the monomers |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - | found through out the cell Nucleic Acids are polymers!! Nucleotides are the monomers |
| DNA BASICS | DNA is a polymer made up of nucleotides • a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) • a phosphoric acid molecule • one of four bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. • Hydrogen bonding holds two strands of DNA double helical A to T C to G |
| mtDNA | power for a cell • All maternal relatives share identical mtDNA • mtDNA has just 16,569 base pairs, while chromosomal DNA • two copies of nuclear DNA, but hundreds to thousands for mtDNA. •The mtDNA does not decompose identifying unknown bodies |
| lipids | fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes. |
| Fire | is a self-sustaining chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat and light. It involves oxidation and combustion. |
| components of fire | O2 heat and fuel |
| Temperature | e is the average speed of motion • Thermal equilibrium exists when two samples that are initially at different temperatures reach the same final temperature. – Energy is added to the colder sample from the hotter sample! |
| Exothermic Reaction | When the energy of a reaction is negative |
| Endothermic Reaction: | When the energy of a reaction is positive |
| Flashover | occurs when the heat from a fire in a small area spreads out across the room. |
| • Autoignition | is ignition without the direct contact of a spark or flame. It occurs when the kindling temperature has been reached. – All three sides of the triangle are present: • Heat (from flashover) • Fuel (furniture • Oxygen |
| specific heat capacity or specific heat (Cp) | heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of the sample by one degree Celsius. • Specific heat is a physical property that is useful for identifying a sample |
| first law of thermodynamics is also called the law of conservation of energy: | energy is neither created nor destroyed. • Energy is merely transferred or transformed into another type. • Calorimetry is the measurement of heat changes during chemical orphysical processes. |
| SECOND AND THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | Entropy is a thermodynamic function relating to disorder • Mathematically, entropy is inversely proportional to T • The entropy of the universe is always increasing. • Think about a sneeze in different spaces... |
| Laws of thermodynamics | Energy is conserved; it can be neither created nor destroyed natural processes are spontaneous when they lead to an increase in disorder, or entropy. The entropy of a perfect crystal is zero when the temperature of the crystal is equal to absolute zero |
| How does body metabolism work in terms of the first laws of thermodynamics? Think of things like food intake, what defines “work”, and how the total energy is considered? | Food intake provides heat to your body. You also emanate heat. • Work is done by every physical action that burns calories. • Energy is used and transferred throughout the body. The body stores energy as fat for reserves. |
| Your roommate decides to cool down the kitchen by opening the refrigerator. Assuming the fridge is powerful enough to handle this, will this strategy work? | back of the fridge is mounted to a door or window like a radiator. • The motor transfers heat from the fridge to the room and thus cools the inside of the fridge. • Motor efficiency less than 100% → net effect heats the room |
| How does one get burned from steam? What happens when steam hits your hand? | • Steam (gaseous water) condenses to liquid water on your hand • The heat released from condensing steam to water gets absorbed through your skin causing the burn |
| THE IDEAL GAS LAW | The ideal gas law relates pressure (P), volume (V), the number of moles of a gas (n), and temperature (T) PV = nRT • R, the gas constant, is 0.08206 (L.atm)/(mol.K). Other variables can be changed as needed. |
| What are poisons? | Any compound that injures or harms a living organism. • Lethal dose – measurement of toxicity of a compound • LD50 – amount it takes to kill 50% of the population |
| Alcohol Poisoning | • Ethyl alcohol (ethanol: CH3CH2OH) • Fatal dose: 150-250 mL 200 proof alcohol consumed in 1 hour • Fatal period: 12-24 hours too much alcohol consumed too fast |
| Carbon Monoxide poisoning | • Emitted from gas- powered engines, oil, coal, propane, wood, and other materials that release CO when burned. • CO binds more readily to hemoglobin (protein) over O2 by binding to the Fe centers |
| Cyanide Poisoning | house fires and tobacco smoke seeds: almonds, apples • Vitamin B12 may reduce negative effects of chronic exposure • Cyanide interferes step in aerobic metabolism antidotes Therapeutic substance counteract toxic actions xenobiotic (foreign to the bod |
| Antidotes | Therapeutic substance used to counteract the toxic actions of a specific xenobiotic (foreign to the body) • Adsorbing (activated charcoal) • Coating (egg + milk coating) • Dissolving (10% alcohol/glycine) |
| Is hydrocarbon soluble in water or oil | water not soluble deends on oils but largely soluble |
| STR analysis of FBI CODIS Loci | targets 20 regions of human nuclear DNA called Short Tandem Repeats number of repeats at each region, a unique DNA profile can be generated and stored in the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) database |
| What does FTIR measure in a molecule | technique that identifies chemical bonds in a molecule by producing an infrared absorption spectrum |
| how can ftir spectra be used to identify organic molecules | shining infrared light through the organic compound we want to identify; some of the frequencies are absorbed by the compound, exact frequencies of the absorptions can be used to identify specific groups of atoms within the molecules. |
| what is the chemistry of arson | rapid oxidation known as combustion. Fire requires a reducing agent, an oxidising agent and thermal energy to start the reaction. In cases of arson, accelerants Flammable liquids like petrol or paraffin are common accelerants. |
| How do poisons enter the body? | Ingested (GI Tract) Inhaled (Lungs) Absorption (Skin) Injection (Intravenous) |
| general kinds of poison | Chemical poisoning, caused by exposure to agricultural, industrial, household, or health care products Biological poisoning, Radiation poisoning, Drug poisoning, Alcohol poisoning Carbon monoxide |
| proteins | h bond dipole dipole london dispersion The tertiary structure of a folding of polypeptide chain 4 protein a complex molecular shape hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, and van der Waals forces |
Created by:
Andrew123938