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Rad. Pathology
Midterms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| It has the appearance of innumerable thin white lines randomly distribute in the lungs. | Interstitial Pattern |
| Refers to a patch of white opacity. | Air Space Disease (Consolidation) |
| Refers to an area of lung that takes on appearance of honeycomb. | Honeycomb Pattern |
| Give 2 lung disease that has a honeycomb pattern. | Fibrosing Alveolitis, Asbestosis |
| Refers to innumerable pellet size white dots appearing diffusely in both lungs. | Miliary Pattern |
| A necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent (puslike) material. | Lung abscess |
| This usually has thickened wall with a shaggy, irregular inner margin. | Cavitary lung abscess |
| This can assist in the diagnostic process to demonstrate an ill-defined outer wall. | CT |
| A rod-shaped bacterium with a protective waxy coat that permits it to live outside the body for a long time. | Tuberculosis |
| Tuberculosis is caused by _____. | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| This has traditionally been considered a disease of children and young adults. | Primary pulmonary tuberculosis |
| Refers to dissemination of the disease by way of the bloodstream. | Miliary Tuberculosis |
| Reactivation of organisms from previously dormant tubercles is termed: | Secondary lesion or reinfection tuberculosis |
| Most commonly affects the upper lobes, especially the apical and posterior segments. | Secondary tuberculosis |
| A sharply circumscribed parenchymal nodule, often containing viable tuberculosis bacilli, that can develop in either primary or secondary disease. | Tuberculoma |
| Radiographically, tuberculomas appear as single or multiple pulmonary nodules, usually ____ in diameter. | 1-3 cm |
| Means fungal infection of the lung. | Pulmonary mycosis |
| 2 most common systemic fungal infections found in North America: | Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis |
| A common disease that often produces a radiographic appearance simulating that of tuberculosis. | Histoplasmosis |
| Histoplasmosis is caused by the fungus _____. | Histoplasma capsulatum |
| It can incite progressive fibrosis in the mediastinum. | Histoplasmosis |
| This process can cause obstruction of the superior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins, as well as severe narrowing of the esophagus. | Histoplasmosis |
| Coccidioidomycosis is caused by a fungus ____. | Coccidioides immitis |
| Found in the desert soil of the southwestern United States. | Coccidioidomycosis |
| The infection is transmitted through fungal spores in the air. | Coccidioidomycosis |
| It can develop from an acute infection to chronic or disseminated forms. | Coccidioidomycosis |
| Estimated to affect almost all children by age 2 years. | Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
| The virus attacks the lower respiratory tract and causes necrosis of the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi and bronchioles, which leads to bronchiolitis. | Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
| A high-pitched noise that's usually heard on breathing out. | Wheezing |
| Includes several conditions in which chronic obstruction of the airways leads to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases and makes breathing difficult. | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
| Chronic inflammation of the bronchi leads to severe coughing with the production of ____. | Sputum |
| May be a complication of respiratory infection or the result of long-term exposure to air pollution or cigarette smoking. | Bronchitis |
| Signs and symptoms of bronchitis: | Wheezing, Dyspnea, Chronic cough, Mucous Plugs |
| Most common radiographic abnormality in chronic bronchitis. | Generalized increase in bronchovascular markings (dirty chest) |
| Most common findings on chest images. | Hyperinflation with diffuse increased interstitial markings |
| Permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall. | Bronchiectasis |
| Necessary to fill the dilated cystic spaces with contrast material and to establish the diagnosis unequivocally. | Bronchography |
| Neoplasms of low-grade malignancy that constitute approximately 1% of all bronchial neoplasms. | Bronchial Adenoma |
| Most common radiographic findings due to bronchial obstruction: | Peripheral atelectasis, pneumonitis |
| Primary carcinoma of the lung arises from the mucosa of the bronchial tree. | Bronchogenic Carcinoma |
| The most common primary malignant lung neoplasm is ___. | Bronchogenic Carcinoma |
| Produces a broad spectrum of radiographic abnormalities that depend on the site of the tumor and its relationship to the bronchial tree. | Bronchogenic Carcinoma |
| The tumor of bronchogenic carcinoma may appear as a ____. | Discrete mass |
| Up to _____ patients with cancer develop pulmonary metastases. | 3 out of 10 |
| May develop from hematogenous or lymphatic spread, most commonly from musculoskeletal sarcomas, myeloma, and carcinomas of the breast, urogenital tract, thyroid, and colon. | Pulmonary metastases |
| Typically appear radiographically as multiple, relatively, well-circumscribed, round or oval nodules throughout the lungs. | Hematogenous metastases |
| Treatment for Pulmonary Metastases: | Surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy |
| The presence of air in the pleural cavity, results in a partial or complete collapse of the lung. | Pneumothorax |
| It most commonly results from rupture of a subpleural bulla, either as a complication of emphysema. | Pneumothorax |
| Usually reabsorb spontaneously. | Small pneumothoraxes |
| May require prompt chest tube drainage with suction to remove the air and prevent recurrence. | Larger pneumothoraxes |
| The accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. | Pleural Effusion |
| The procedure for removing fluid from the pleural cavity. | Thoracentesis |
| Among children below the age of two, it ranks as the most prevalent lower respiratory tract ailment. | Bronchiolitis |
| It is an idiopathic inflammatory disease, well recognized in Japan and principally affecting the respiratory bronchioles causing a progressive suppurative and severe obstructive respiratory disorder | Panbronchiolitis |
| Meaning of BALT: | Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
| Describes a pathologic pattern that is characterized by intrabronchiolar polypoid protrusions of myofibroblastic tissue that occlude the airway from within the lumen and almost always extend into alveolar spaces. | Proliferative Bronchiolitis |
| What are the first signs of the infection in Bronchiolitis? | Runny, Fever, Cough, Loss of appetite |
| Infants younger than ______ have the highest risk of getting bronchiolitis. | 3 months |
| How many percent of children with bronchiolitis are hospitalized? | 3% |
| Factors of having bronchiolitis: | Being born too early, having a heart or lung condition, weakened immune system, being around tobacco smoker, spending time in crowded places |
| TB is usually treated with ________. | Antibiotics |
| Which of these symptoms are symptoms of TB? | Fever, Fatigue, Chest pain, Cough, Loss of appetite, Weight loss |
| Does TB thrive on surfaces? | False |
| Which of these are 3 Types of TB? | Primary TB, Latent TB, Active TB |
| What is the first stage of tuberculosis infection? | Primary TB |
| TB spread through ________. | Air |
| Who most likely to be infected with TB? | Infants and young children |
| Causes of Asthma: | Family History, Air pollution, Drugs |
| Signs and symptoms of Asthma: | Shortness of breath, Tightness of chest, Wheezing, Excessive coughing |
| When the airways swell, it generates _____ which makes it difficult to breathe. | Too much mucus |
| Is Asthma curable? | False |
| Asthmatic attacks are caused by what you’re allergic to or your asthma triggers. | True |
| Asthma is deadly/fatal. | True |
| It is a lung disorder where the lungs’ airways swell and narrow which makes it hard to breathe. | Bronchial Asthma |
| It is a disease caused by infection and inflammation of the alveoli. | Pneumonia |
| What organ of the body that is affected if a person has Pneumonia? | Lungs |
| What is the common bacteria that causes Pneumonia? | Streptocci Pneumonia |
| In what year was the bacteria discovered? | 1881 |
| A French microbiologist who identified the lancet-shaped bacteria in saliva that became a common cause of Pneumonia? | Louis Pasteur |
| An American microbiologist who also identified the lancet-shaped bacteria in saliva that became a common cause of Pneumonia? | George Stenberg |
| He developed the cell wall staining technique, now known as “Gram staining”. | Christian Gram |
| Encapsulated bacteria can only be destroyed by the immune system via what antibody production? | B-Cell |
| Which of the following is NOT a respiratory symptom of Pneumonia? | Cyanosis |
| A type of Pneumonia that affects the lungs in patches around bronchi. | Bronchopneumonia |
| A type of Pneumonia that has an infection that only involves a single lobe, or section of a lung. | Lobar pneumonia |
| A type of Pneumonia involves that areas in between the alveoli. | Interstitial Pneumonia |
| It has the appearance of innumerable thin white lines randomly distribute in the lungs. | Interstitial Pattern |
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