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Module 5 AP Psych
WHS AP Psych 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. | Critical Thinking |
| the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge | Empiricism |
| an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. | Structuralism |
| the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes. | Introspection |
| an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. | Functionalism |
| the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). | Behaviorism |
| a historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential. | Humanistic psychology |
| the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems. | Cognitive psychology |
| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). | Cognitive neuroscience |
| the science of behavior and mental processes. | Psychology |
| the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction | nature-nurture |
| the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations | Natural selection |
| the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. | Evolutionary psychology |
| the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. | Behavior genetics |
| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. | Culture |
| the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. | Positive psychology |
| an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints. | Biopsychosocial |
| the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning. | Behavioral psychology |
| the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes | Biological psychology |
| a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. | Psychodynamic psychology |
| the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking. | Social-cultural psychology |
| enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. | Testing effect |
| a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review. | SQ3R |
| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. | Theory |
| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. | Hypothesis |
| a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation. | Naturalistic Observation |
| a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample. | Sampling bias |
| ll those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population.) | Population |
| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. | Random sample |
| ensuring a sample is representative of a greater population | Random representative |
| a subject being measured | Dependent variable |
| a subject that is manipulated | Independent variable |
| a third variable that is not intended to be studied | Confounding |
| a response from the brain that is false | Placebo |
| how people are put in control and experimental groups | Random assignment |
| both the researcher and the participant are unaware of what the participant is taking | Double blind |
| a selection of people who receive a false test for comparison | Control group |
| a selection of people who receive a test on some level | Experimental group |
| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) | Hindsight bias |
| a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. | Operational study |
| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced. | Replication |
| descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. | Case study |
| a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. | Survey |
| analyze samples to make predictions about larger populations | Inferential statistics |
| used to measure and describe characteristics of a group | Descriptive statistics |
| tells whether or not results occurred by chance or by manipulation (Big value is by chance, small is on purpose. you want small) | P value |
| Single score that represents a whole set of scores | Central tendency |
| A set of rules that experiments must follow (APA created them, IRB gives permission) | Ethical guidelines |
| Do good, avoid harm | Benevolence & nonmaleficence |
| Develop trust, accept responsibility of work, uphold professional standards of conduct | Fidelity & responsibility |
| Maximize benefits & minimize harm through accuracy, honesty, & truthfulness | Integrity |
| Exercise competence & reasonable judgment | Justice |
| Respect autonomy; maintain professional boundaries; preserve confidentiality & privacy | Respect for people's rights & dignity |
| Obtain informed consent, protect participants, confidentiality, fully debrief | Ethical steps |
| Only looking, paying attention, or remembering information that supports your beliefs | Confirmation bias |
Created by:
lores_cave