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HBS 1.2 - Muscles &
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tendon | A tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or other structures. It is responsible for transmitting the force generated by muscle contraction to the bones, causing movement at a joint. |
| smooth muscle | Smooth muscles are found in the walls of internal organs, such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and respiratory passages. They are also involuntary and play a role in various bodily functions. |
| Sarcomere | A sarcomere is the basic structural and functional unit of a muscle. It is the segment of a myofibril in a striated muscle, delimited by two adjacent Z lines. |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialized type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium ions in muscle contraction. |
| Calcium Ions (Ca+2) | Calcium ions are positively charged ions that play a key role in muscle contraction. They bind to proteins like troponin, triggering a series of events that lead to muscle contraction. |
| Actin filaments | Actin filaments are thin filaments in muscle cells that, along with myosin filaments, are responsible for muscle contraction. |
| Myosin filaments | Myosin filaments are thick filaments in muscle cells that, along with actin filaments, are involved in the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. |
| Troponin | Troponin is a complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle contraction. It binds to calcium ions and regulates the interaction between actin and myosin. |
| Tropomyosin | Tropomyosin is a protein that, along with troponin, regulates muscle contraction by controlling the exposure of binding sites on actin filaments. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | ATP is a molecule that stores and releases energy in cells. It is essential for various cellular processes, including muscle contraction. |
| Muscle Fatigue | Muscle fatigue is a temporary decline in muscle performance due to factors like energy depletion and metabolic byproduct accumulation. Adequate rest and recovery are essential to prevent persistent fatigue and potential injury. |
| Muscle Rules 1 | Muscles must have at least 2 points of attachment |
| muscle rule 2 | The attachment that moves is called the Insertion; the attachment that remains stationary is the Origin |
| muscle rule 3 | Muscles must cross at least 1 joint |
| muscle rule 4 | Muscles work in opposing pairs: A muscle that decreases the angle of the joint is called a Flexor; a muscle that increases the angle of a joint is called an extensor |
| muscle rule 5 | Muscles can only pull / contract to get shorter. |
| muscle rule 6 | Macroscopic striations show the direction of muscle contraction. |
| Cardiac Muscle | Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. It is involuntary and contracts rhythmically to pump blood throughout the circulatory system. |
| Skeletal Muscle | Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons and are responsible for voluntary movement. They work in pairs to move bones at joints. |
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