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P1. During microtomy many tissues are very hard and shrunken. Why?
A. Infiltrating paraffin is too hot.
B. Processing reagents need changing.
C. PH of fixative was incorrect.
D. Clearing agent is contaminated with water.
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P2. Decalcification of small specimens can be achieved by fixation in.
A. Neutral buffered formalin.
B. Zenker solution
C. Gluteraldahyde
D. Zamboni
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Processing

QuestionAnswer
P1. During microtomy many tissues are very hard and shrunken. Why? A. Infiltrating paraffin is too hot. B. Processing reagents need changing. C. PH of fixative was incorrect. D. Clearing agent is contaminated with water. P1. A When tissue is processed in paraffin wax that is more than 2°C to 4°C. Above the melting point, the tissue becomes hard and shrunken.
P2. Decalcification of small specimens can be achieved by fixation in. A. Neutral buffered formalin. B. Zenker solution C. Gluteraldahyde D. Zamboni P2. B Because zenker contains acetic acid, it can discalcify needle biopsies of bone marrow.
P3. A major disadvantage of alphatic clearing agents is that they? A. Are incompatible with some mounting media. B. Have a very high penetration rate. C. Harden tissue excessively D. Are highly toxic. P3. A. Alphatic xylene substitutes are incompatible with mounting media. Because most mounting media contains toluene or xylene.
P4. Which of the following is most likely to cause sensitization with prolonged use? A. Cedarwood oil B. Xylene C. Alphatic hydrocarbons D. Limonene P4. D Limonene lcauses sensitization and allergic reactions in some individuals.
P5. To speed up the processing of all tissue's temperature of steps, we set 2 45°C. This could.. A. Excellent sections on all tissues. B. Very soft uterine scrapings. C. Michrochatter D. Sections that will not stain in eosin P5. C Excess heat during processing, especially in dehydration and clearing, can lead to the removal of bound water and microchatter during microtomy.
P6. Limonene functions as a A. Clearing agent only B. Dehydrating agent only C. Universal solvent D. Infiltrating medium P6. A limonine is used as a xylene substitute, making it a clearing agent.
P7. One advantage of alphatic hydrocarbons is that they? A. Have a high tolerance for H20. B. Are miserable with all mounting media. C. Are low in toxicity and sensitization. D. Are adaptable to various processing methods. P7. See elephatic hydrocarbons are less toxic and lead to less sensitization. There than aromatic hydrocarbons used as clearing agents.
P8. A disadvantage of using heat on all stations is that it will. A. Harden some tissues. B. Lengthen processing time. C. Shorten the processor lifespan. D. Cause 2 much reagent evaporation. P8. A when heat is used in all stations of the processor especially dehydration and clearing the tissues, become hard.
P9. Dehydration refers to the removal of. A. Alcohol B. Paraffin C. Water D. Xylene P9. C the term dehydration means removal of water.
P10. Which decalcification method may cause heat damage to the specimen. A. Acid B. Chelation C. Electrolytic D. Ion exchange P10. C Electrolytic methods of decalcification may cause damage to the specimen because of the heat generated by this method.
P11. Which of the following clearing agents is not flammable? A. Benzene B. Chloroform C. Toluene D. Xylene P11. B Chloroform is not flammable or combustible, but when heated, it may form a toxic gas.
P12. Which group of reagents can be used for dehydration? A. Ethanol,limonene, tetrahydroturan B. Methanol, ethanol, limonene C. Dioxane, methanol, toluene D. Dioxane, methanol, ethanol0 P12.D dioxane, methanol and ethanol. Are used for dehydration. Dioxide also may be used as universal solvent.
P13. The decalcifying agent EDTA is not a good choice when bone specimens will. A. Need IHC B. Be allowed long exposure to the decal C. Have enzymes demonstrated in the bone. D. Require diagnosis within 48 hours. P13. D the decalifying reagent EDTA does not damage tissues and immunohistochemical, and enzyme reactions can be performed after it's use. It is very slow action and a 24 hour time frame is not sufficient time for EDTA to decal sufficient.
P14. A decalcifying agent must be miscible with. A. Dehydrants and infiltrating media. B. Fixatives and dehydrants. C. Fixatives and infiltrating media. D. Universal solvents P14. A dehydrants and infiltrating media clearing agents must be miserable with reagents used both directly Before & After it .
P15. Which of the following is a chelating agent used for decalcification? A. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid B. Hydrochloric acid C. Trichloracetic acid D. Phenol P15. A EDTA is the shielding agent employed in decalcification.
P16. The alcohols on tissue processor changed bcs A. Alcohol bcme saturated w/ bile, which can b absorbed by other tissues. B. 2 of formalin can make explosive situation. C. Gram- organisms can start growing. D. The alcohols absorb moisture P16. D because alcohols remove water from tissues. They become more diluted with water and less effective at further dehydration of tissue.
P17. After completion of the decalcification specimens should be. A. Placed in acetone. B. Rinsed with 70% alcohol. C. Transfer to fixative. D. Washed in water. P17. The in order to stop the activity of acid, the calcifying solutions is necessary to wash the tissue continued. Acid activity in the tissue will lead to overduecalcification and impaired staining.
P18. Image showing 3 different prices and schedules Schedule A has 1 formalcohol, 2 95%, 2absoluteAL, 2xylene, 3 para Schedule B Has 2 80% alc. 2 95% alcohol 3 abso.alc. 2 xylene, 2 paraff. Schedule C has 80%, 2 95%, 2 abs alc , 3 chloroform 3 paraffi P18. A. Schedule A has longer times for everything. Schedule B is 20 minutes for each schedule. C is 8 hours then 4. A schedule a allows time for routine tissue specimens to have complete fixation, dehydration, clearing and infiltration.
P19. Ethanol functions as a A. Dehydrating agent B. Clearing agent C. Universal solvent D. Infiltrating medium P19. A Ethanol is an alcohol and a very good dehydrating agent
P20. Which processing schedule should be used to process a fix needle biopsy. Schedule a has 1 hour on each schedule. B has 20 minutes schedule C has 8 hours and 4. P20. B Fixed small biopsies will be adequately processed using schedule B. The longer processing times will lead to overdehydration and hardening of the biopsies, on the other schedules.
P21. Butyl alcohol is recommended as a dehydrant for. A. Blood smears B. Brain tissue C. Plant tissue D. Spleen P21. C, One of the main uses of butanol is for dehydrating plant material.
P22. The processing step that assures alcohol is removed from the tissue is. A. Fixation B. Dehydration C. Clearing D. Infiltration P22. C. Clearing removes alcohol from tissues prior to infiltration with wax.
P23. The hydrating tissues in graded alcohols of increasing concentrations is superior over using AbsAl only because. A. Cause less distortion. B. Be less harmful on processor. C. Not harden tissue over long-time D. Remove the fixative faster. P23. A Tissue shrinkage is minimized when graded alcohols are used instead of going directly from an aquous fixative to 100% alcohol
P24. For best support during microtomy decalcified bone specimens which are processed to paraffin wax, should be embedded in. A. Both agar and paraffin B. "Hard" paraffin C. "Soft" paraffin D. Celloidin P24. B Decalcified bone section is made easier after infiltration and embedding in a harder paraffin wax.
P25. The best method of preparing tissue for enzyme demonstration is. A. Agar embedding B. Celloidin embedding C. Paraffin embedding D. Unfixed frozen sections P25. D. in order to prevent a decrease in the enzymatic activity processing that requires heat as involved.
P26. Glycol methacrylate functions as a A. Dehydrating agent only. B. Clearing agent only. C. Universal solvent D. Infiltrating medium P26. Glycol methacrylate is an infiltration medium that is converted to a solid by polymerization.
P27. Fat remains in the tissue following infiltration with. A. Carbowax B. Celloidin C. Paraffin D. Infiltrating medium P27. A. Because Carbowax processing does not require the use of solvents that would dissolve lipids. The fat remains in tissue.
P28. Methanol functions as A. A. Dehydrating agent only. B. Clearing agent only. C. Universal solvent D. Infiltrating medium P28. A. Methanol Is one of the alcohols that is used for dehydration. Although it is rarely used alone for tissue dehydration.
P29. The most effective method for rapidly freezing tissue is using. A. Aerosol sprays B. Dry ice C. Gaseous carbon dioxide. D. Liquid nitrogen/ isopentane. P29. D. In order to prevent the formation of freeze artifact and tissue, rapid freezing with isopentane cooled in liquid nitrogen is the preferred freezing technique.
P30. Amount of time specimen needs to remain in detail not influenced by. A. Bone density B. Processing schedule C. Solution strength D. Solution temperature P30. B Bone density, decal solutions, strength and solution temperature all influence the time necessary for decalcification to occur. Processing schedules have no impact on detailed specification.
P31. When tissues fixed in Carnoy fluid into which processing solution should they be placed first? A. Formalin B. Molten wax C. 95% to 100% D. Xylene P31. C. When tissue has been fixed in non aqueous fixative, such as carnoy it should be placed directly in 95% or a 100% alcohol for processing.
P32. Tissue must be dehydrated before placing it in. A. Agar B. Carbowax C. Epoxy resin D. Gelatin P32. C Tissue to be infiltrated and embedded in epoxyresins must be completely dehydrated prior to placing the tissue in resin.
P33. In order to process tissue faster, which of the following could be done easily and still yield good results. A. Add agitation to each step. B. Remove vacuum from each step. C. Increase heat to 70°C in alcohols. D. Infiltrate with software wax. P33. A Agitation of the processing solutions aids in reagents' flow through the tissues leading to decreased time necessary for good processing.
P34. Ideal thickness of specimens to be decalcified. A. 1-2mm B. 3-4 mm C. 6-7 mm D. 9-10 mm P34. B. For adequate penetration of decalcification fluids into and through calcified specimens. They should be cut at 3 to 4 mm.
P35. Paraffin processing is contraindicated for the subsequent demonstration of. A. Enzymes B. Mucins C. Nuclei D. Proteins P35. A The heat used in paraffin processing will destroy enzymatic activity.
P36. Which of the following reagents is miscible with water, alcohol, hydrocarbons and paraffin? A. Acetone B. Cedarwood oil C. Dioxane D. Xylene P36. C DIOXANE is used as a universal solvent which indicates that is as miserable with water. Alcohol's hydrocarbons and paraphragm.
P37. Reprocessing tissue can lead to false negative. IHC staining due to A. Alcohol fixation B. Incomplete dehydration C. Repeated xylene exposure. D. Repeated exposure to heated paraffin P37. D Antigens are altered by high temperatures and the repeated exposure to hot wax during reprocessing may alter the epitope sites that false negative results are seen.
P38. The least desirable method to check for decalcification end point. A. Electrolysis B. Physical C. Radiologic D. Chemical tests P38. B Physical methods of checking the end point of decalcification may introduce artifacts such as holes or breaks in the tissue.
P39. Prolonged dehydration and higher grades of alcohol will render a specimen. A. Hard B. Maceration C. Porous D. Toxic P39. A tissues become hard when left in high-grade alcohol for long periods of time.
P40. For adequate, clearing anxiety during processing tissue should have a maximum thickness of. A. 1-2mm B. 3-4 mm C. 5-6 mm D. 7-8 mm P40. B for adequate penetration of processing fluids into and through specimens, they should be cut at 3 to 4 mm
P41. The purpose of using a hydrometer and histopathology. A. Assure temperature of lab is comfortable. B. Determine the percentage of alcohols used in processing. C. Check urine specific gravity before urinalysis. D. Determine the ph of reagants P41. B hydrometers measure specific gravity and may also be calibrated to read the percentage of alcohol and are used in historopathology for checking alcohols for the correct strength.
P42. Processing delicate tissues (like embryonic) should be started in what concentration of alcohol. A. 30% B. 50% C. 70% D. 90% P42. A. 30% Delicate tissues may be distorted when placed in higher concentrations of alcohol due to diffusion currents that cross membranes and cause distortion.
P43. Hazy blue nuclear staining seen in image A. Celestine blue is used in place of hematoxin. B. Improper use of heat on the tissue processor. C. Overstanding with Schaffer reagent D. Fixation in bouin P43. B, the hazy blue nuclear staining is the result of the use of heat in the tissue processor alcohol and xylene steps
P44. The effect of overdecalcification is most noticeable in the staining of. A. Nuclei B. Cytoplasm C. Erythrocytes D. Bone spicules P44. A. Nuclei. Over exposure to decalcification acids decreases nuclear basophilia
P45. Which of the following is considered the best dehydrant? A. Acetone B. Ethanol C. Isopropanol D. Methanol P45. B ethanol. Of all, the alcohol's ethanol is considered the best dehydrant.
P46. All of the following are methods for checking the completeness of decalcification except. A. Chemical B. Electrolytic C. Mechanical D. Radiographic P46. B Electrolytic procedures are not used for checking the unpoint of decalcification.
P47. Acid solution softened bone by removing which of the following salt. A. Calcium B. Lithium C. Potassium D. Sodium P47. A Acids remove calcium from bone, so it is soft enough to be cut in paraffin.
P48. The clearing agent must be miscible with. A. Fixatixe and paraffin B. Fixative and dehydrant C. Dehydrant and paraffin D. Paraffin and water P48. C. Dehydrant and paraffin The clearing agent must be miserable with reagents directly Before & After it. Therefore, it must be miserable with the dehydrating fluid and wax.
P49. If the clearing agent is cloudy, it may be contaminated with. A. Absolute alcohol B. Bacteria C. Water D. Yeast P49. C WATER hydrocarbons used in clearing tissues turned cloudy in the presence of water.
P50. Dioxin functions as a A. Dehydrating agent only B. Clearing agent only C. Universal solvent D. Infiltrating medium P50. C Universal solvent. Dioxin can be used for both dehydration and clearing of tissues.
P51. Which of the following gasses is released during the decalcification? A. Ammonia B. Carbon dioxide C. Nitrous oxide D. Oxygen P51. B. The carbon dioxide is formed during decalcification with acids.
P52. Picture of a of block that doesn't look like it's being cut into evenly A. Tissue was appropriately embedded. B. Wax was allowed 2 cool 2 slowly. C. Embedding mold was 2 large for tissue. D. Tissue was not pressed 2 the bottom of the mold evenly. P52. D The tissue was not evenly pressed to the bottom of the moldering embedding, resulting in tissue at various depths in the block. This often leads to incomplete sections taken at microtomy
P53. Image of block that looks like it could be liver center of the tissue looks dry. A. Eccess exposure to xylene. B. Fixation and alcohol containing fixative. C. Insufficient dehydration D. Incorrect orientation P53. C The center of this block is not completely fixed and/or processed so it is still soft. It will not section properly and should be reprocessed.
P54. Pink orange coloration of tissue block, why? A. Blood remaining in the tissue. B. Fixation in Bouin solution. C. Processing wax needs to be changed. D. Eosin was added to processing alcohols. P54. D. The orange pink color of this tissue is due to the addition of Eosin or phloxine to the processing alcohols which ensures that small colorless biopsies are more easily identified at embedding, but all tissues take up the coloration.
P55. Time needed for infiltration of paraffin is dependent on all except. A. Fixative used B. Thickness of specimen C. Tissue type D. Use of vacuum P55. A The fixative used on a specimen will have no impact on the time needed for paraffin infiltration.
P56. Xylene functions as a A. Dehydrating agent B. Clearing agent C. Universal solvent D. Infiltrating medium P56. B Xylene is the most commonly used hydrocarbon clearing agent.
P57. Which of the following methods of determining the endpoint of decalcification may introduce artifacts. A. Suspension B. Physical C. Radiologic D. Chemical P57. B Physical manipulation of a specimen for determining the endpoint for decalcification may introduce artifacts such as holes or brakes in the bone.
P58. Which of the following can be used to hold small tissue fragments or friable tissues in place for paraffin processing. A. Carbowax B. Agar C. Paraffin D. Methacrylate P58. B. Tissue fragments are placed in liquid agar, and it is allowed to solidify before processing to a paraffin block, ensuring that all pieces of tissue are captured for Embedding and cutting.
P59. Picture of bone marrow different shades of red. Likely cause? A. Underdecalcification B. Overdecalcification C. Improper dehydration D. Prolonged fixation P59. B When bone marrow was left in the decalcification. Assets longer than necessary to remove calcium. The nuclear basophilia is compromised.
P60. Decalcification occurs with all of the following methods except. A. Simple acid B. Radiography C. Chelation D. Ion exchange P60. B Radiography is a method used for determining the endpoint of decalcification, not a method of decalcification.
P61. Which of the following is miscible with hydrocarbons? A. Agar B. Carbowax C. Gelatin D. Paraffin P61. D. Paraffin is the only reagent listed that is miscible with hydrocarbons. Such as xylene, the other reagents listed are all water-soluble.
P62. Process of saturating tissue with the medium that will be used for embedding is called. A. Clearing B. Dehydration C. Fixation D. Infiltration P62. D. Infiltration with wax is necessary for proper embedding of tissue and wax.
P61. Which of the following is miscible with hydrocarbons? A. Agar B. Carbowax C. Gelatin D. Paraffin P61. D. Paraffin is the only reagent listed that is miscible with hydrocarbons. Such as xylene, the other reagents listed are all water-soluble.
P62. Process of saturating tissue with the medium that will be used for embedding is called. A. Clearing B. Dehydration C. Fixation D. Infiltration P62. D. Infiltration with wax is necessary for proper embedding of tissue and wax.
P63. Toluene functions as a A. Dehydrating agent only B. Clearing agent only. C. Universal solvent D. Infiltrating medium P63. B. Toluene, although not frequently used as a hydrocarbon used as a clearing agent.
P64. Of the reagents listed below, the best substitute for ethanol in processing is. A. Dioxane B. Butanol C. Isopropanol D. Methanol P64. C Isopropanol is a good substitute for ethanol for dehydration during processing. But not for use in staining procedures.
P65. Refer to schedule below if processing is started at 8 AM Monday. What time Tuesday will be ready to embed ? A. 4pm B. 5 pm C. 6 pm D. 7 pm P65. By counting the time in all the processing steps. 5 PM on Tuesdays when the tissues will be ready to embed
P66. Most likely cause of artifact A. Incomplete fixation B. Overdehydration during processing C. Overheating before staining D. Prolonged fixation P66. B too much drying from overdehydration during processing will cause microchatter at microtomy
P67. Which of the following must one do when using essential oil as clearing agent? A. Avoid the use of Ethel alcohol. B. Remove the oil with xylene C. Avoid exposure to heat. D. Avoid lengthy exposure. P67. B When when essential oils are used as clearing agents, it is necessary to remove the oil with a hydrocarbon prior to paraffin infiltration.
P68. Freezing tissue slowly prior to sectioning Will most likely. A. Make sectioning difficult. B. Yield sections showing tissue disruption C. Require a change in the knife clearance angle. D. Preserve antigenic sites. P68. B When tissue is frozen slowly. It is most likely to show disruption in morphology caused by large ice crystals. This is especially evident in skeletal muscle biopsy.
P69. After h&e decalcified tissue shows areas of dark purple staining. Why? P69. B. Calcium left in tissue will stain dark purple with hematoxygen.
P70. Determining the endpoint of decalcification is important bcs A. Calcium remaining in tissue interferes w staining. B. Under decalcification cses processing probs C. Overdealcification ends in destruction of structure. D. Prolonged acid inhibits g P70. C When calcified tissue is left in acid decalcifiers for a prolonged time. The cellular morphology is destroyed.
P71. Paraffin, with a melting point of 55° is used. Temperature of paraffin containers should be regulated at approximately. A. 50 B. 55 C. 58 D. 62 P71. C. the paraffin should not exceed temperatures 2- 4° above. Its melting point as paraffin. That is too hot will overharden tissue.
P72. For complete infiltration of tissue with paraffin, the time needed depends on the. A.. Melting point of the paraffin. B. Thickness and texture of tissue. C. Choice of dehydrating agent. D. The fixative used. P72. B complete infiltration depends on complete replacement of clearing agent from the tissue, & the time necessary 4 that process will b increased in thick and/or dense tissues. Time necessary will b decreased for thin and/or less dense tissue samples.
P73. The step in tissue processing that must be completed before dehydration is. A. Infiltration B. Antigen retrieval C. Clearing D. Fixation P73. D. When tissue is not completely fixed before dehydration, fixation in alcohol occurs and leads to increased esinophilia at the center of the tissue.
P74. All of the following are criteria for choosing a good clearing agent except. A. Cost B. Rapid removal of fixative C. Removal by paraffin D. Flammability P74. B rapid removal of fixative. Clearing agents do not remove fixatives as they are used after alcohol and before wax. The others are criteria that should be considered.
P75. Paraffin belongs to this class of chemicals. A. Low weight alkanes B. Long chain hydrocarbons. C. Hydroxyls D. Amines P75. B paraffin wax is an inert mixture of hydrocarbons produced from petroleum processing.
P76. 4 best results b4 decalcification, a buffered formalin fixedspecimen should b. A. Washed w h2o 2 remove phosphates B. Put in Helley fluid cto ounteract formalin C. Washed in H20 to reverse in complete fixation. D. Wash in ammonia h2o 2 raise ph. P76. A. Washed with water to remove phosphates. When phosphates salt are left in tissue samples, they may counteract the action of acid decalcifiers in the tissue.
P77. When EDTA is used as a decalcifier, the recommended ph of the solution is. A. 3-4 B. 6-6.5 C. 7-7.4 D. 8.6-9 P77. C. 7-7.4. The optimum ph of EDTA when used as a decalcifying agent is 7 to 7.4.
P78. Which describes When bone does not have 2 be fixed b4 decalcification. A. Specimen is fresh Bmarrow B. Nitric acid is used as decalcifier & acts as fixative. C. Specimen is a femoral headsection. D. Decalcifier is combofixative in one solution. P78. D. The calcifier is combined with fixative in one solution. Some proprietary decalcification fluids contain both fixative and acid. So tissues do not have to be separately fixed b4 placing in solution.
P79. Well fixed properly decalcified specimen will show all except. A. Preservation of nuclear detail. B. Retention of calcium in tissue. C. Differential staining of nuclei and cytoplasm. D. Good tissue morphology. P79. B. Decalcified tissue should not have calcium in the tissue. Others are desirable aspects of specimens.
P80. Although Benzene is rarely used as clearing agent one advantage is. A. Evaporates rapidly from paraffin. Waxes don't need 2 b changed on processor. B. Can be put down drain C. Not toxic D. Slow acting so penetration can be monitored easily. P80. A. Evaporates rapidly from paraffin so waxes don't need to be changed on processor. Benzene is very volatile and evaporates from paraffin at its melting point. Therefore, the wax stays clean of the clearing agent.
P81. Of the chemical reagents used for decalcification, which one is slower acting than the others? A. Hydrochloric B. Nitric C. Formic D. EDTA P81. D EDTA is very slow acting as a decalcifier making it's use easily controlled.
P82. In order to pour decalcification acids down the drain they must be. A. Less than 1% in concentration. B. More than PH11. C. Treated with 10% acetic acid. D. Neutralized with 1% sodium bicarbonate. P82. D. Acids used as decalcifiers should be neutralized with 1% sodium bicarbonate before flushing down the drain.
P83. When a lab uses tetrahydrofuron in processing, tissue specimen that will likely show the distortion is. A. Breast reduction B. Colon resection. C. Lung biopsy D. Gall bladder P83. C. Lung biopsy. Tetrahydrophydrofuran as a universal solvent causes diffusion currents that can harm delicate tissue morphology.
P84. When tissue fixed in formalhe & then put directly in hydrochloric acid 4 decal. What is expected outcome? A. Co2 released smells like motoroil B. Carcinogen chemically formed. C. Bonecalcified slower than when washed. D. Calcium salt sink bottom. P84. B. A carcinogen can be chemically formed. The carcinogen bis-chloromethyl ether can be formed by a reaction between formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid.
P85. Which acid decalcification method requires less changing solution. A. Ion exchange B. Hydrochloric acid used alone C. Heated hydrochloric acid D. EDTA P85. A .Ionic exchange. Ammonium ions from the resin used in ionic exchange decalcification are exchanged for calcium. Thus keeping the acid-free from calcium ions.
P86. Artifacts seen in h & e stained section of skeletal muscle could have been caused by. A. Xylene was used as clearing agent. B. Section was not fixed b4 staining C. Biopsy was frozen in the cryostat at -20°s D. Tissue not oriented properly. P86. C. When tissue is frozen slowly at negative 20°C. Large artifactual holes are often seen as a result of large ice crystals.
P87. Ethyl alcohols used in tissue processing may be made unfit for human consumption by the commercial addition of. A. Eosin B. Xylene C. Methanol D. Water P87. C The addition of methanol and sometimes isopropanol makes ethanol unfit for consumption, thus making it non taxable
P88. Surface decal during microtomy. Which steps to take? A. Face block and treat with Decal B. Place unfixed block in EDTA 30 to 60 minutes. C. Hold gauze soaked in ammonia on block for 5 minutes. D. Float ribbon on water bath with 5% nitric acid. P88. A. Face the block, then treat with decal.. before surface decalcification, the surface wax on the face of the block must be trimmed away to expose the tissue needing calcium removal.
P89. Schedule 4monitoring decalcification completeness should be A. Every 3 to 4 hours when EDTA is used. B. Once a day for any day calcification solution C. Once every two days when any five percent acid solution is used D. Depends on strength of dec P89. D. Depends on strength of decal. If a strong fast-acting decalcifier is used, the time it takes for decalcifying specimens will be shorter in length. Weaker acid will take longer.
P90. Microwave processing is most useful for which of the following specimen types. A. Mastectomy B. Transplant biopsy C. Colon resection D. Appendix P90. B. Transplant biopsy. Biopsy specimens are small and process well in the time and solutions utilized in microwave processing.
P91. When employing microwave, processing the tissue sample should be. A. Up to 4 mm B. Processed in a household microwave oven. C. Heated above 84°. D. Fixed before processing. P91. D Fixed b4 processing. If tissues are not well fixed prior to microwave processing fixation will be completed by the alcohol, which will lead to morphologic changes different from the laboratories routine.
P92. Major benefit of microwave processing. A. Decrease time for completion. B. Increase reagent use C. No fixation needed. D. Temperatures up to 80°C are achieved. P92. A. The major benefit of microwave processing is the reduction of time.
P93. During paraffin processing, how many changes of paraffin are recommended for adequate infiltration? A.1 B.2 C.3. B.4 P93. C. Three changes of paraffin are recommended.
P94. Fixed liver biopsy put for rapid processing recommended that. A. Processing starts in a 100% alcohol. B. Xylene steps last minimum 3 hours. C. Paraffin temperature be raised to 70°C. D. Fixative solutions be skipped. P94. D. Fixative solutions be skipped.. The fixation steps can be skipped if the biopsy is already well fixed.
P95. 2 assist in identifying small colorless tissue samples after processing ..... A. The same person who grosses also embeds it B. Cassette be marked 2 indicate specimen is small. C. Some Eosin added in dehydrating reagent D. Colored paraffin added. P95. C. Adding eosin to the last dehydrating alcohol gives color to small and colorless tissues, making identification of them easier for the embedded.
*P96. Dehydration during tissue processing occurs by repeated delusion or by the. A. Hydrophilic property of alcohol. B. Dessicants action in the chamber. C. Addition of phloxine to the xylene. D. Action of the clearant P96. A. Alcohol attracts water molecules, in this manner it helps draw water out of tissues during dehydrating on the processor.
P97. When a block of under-decalcified bone is being cut, section cannot be obtained. Best action is. A. Chill w/freeze spray B. Increase clearance angle. C. Melt block down and reprocess. D. Place face surface in 5% HCL P97. D Tissue that has been under decalcified may be soaked in acid to remove calcium from the surface of the block.
P98. One purpose of the additives that are in some paraffin wax is to. A. Assist orientation of tissue. B. Increase hardness C. R@tard solidification D. Decrease condensation P98. B. Addition of plastics to paraffin increase hardness and support for hard and dense tissue.
P99. Method commonly used cytology prep of sparsely cellular nongynecologic fluid specimen A. Needle aspiration B. Crush method C. Cytocentrifugation D. Homogenization P99. C. Cytocentrifugation Allows essentially all the cells in a sparsely cellular fluid specimen to be deposited onto a slide while the fluid is absorbed away onto a filter paper.
P100. In order to process tissue faster, which could be done easily and still yield results. A. Add vacuum to each reagent step B. Increase heat to 70° at each step C. Use butanol in place of ethanol. D. Infiltrate with a harder wax P100. A Vacuum increases the rate of infiltration of processing fluids. Therefore, decrease the time necessary to complete the steps in processing.
P101. How often should the processing reagents be changed on the processor? A. Every day B. Once a week C. Depends on use D. Once a month P101. C, each lab should establish its own schedule for changing processing reagents based on the number of cassettes processes.
P102. Small biopsy& large specimen processed together w/ processing schedule 4 large. ? is likely outcome for bx? A. Fat and the specimens will be soft and mushy. B. Overheartening and dryness. C. Incomplete fixation D. Improved nuclear preservation. P102. B. When small biopsy specimens are processed on a schedule that is long enough to adequately process larger tissue samples. The small tissues will become hard and dry.
P103. To assure adequate tissue processing, in which processing step should heat be applied. A. Dehydration B. Clearing C. Infiltration D. All of the above. P103. C Heat should be applied to the paraffin only as heating other processing reagents will generally result in hard and brittle tissue.
*P104. Resins used for electron microscopy processing. A. Are cut with a rotary microtone. B. Harden by polymerization. C. Require formalin fixation. D. Harden by crystallization. P104. B. Resins such as epon and spur hardened by polymerization.
P105. Technologist in electron microscopy developed dermatitis. This can be likely prevented by A. Chemical hood used processing. B. Secondary fixation eliminated. C. Another resin selected 4 embedding D. Protective gear worn during processing. P105. D To protect from skin sensitivity. Protective gear should be worn when working with chemicals in electron microscopic.
P106. Smudgy nuclei on routinely processed formalin fixed colon biopsy specimens. One cause could be A. Overfixation B. Incomplete dehydration C. Poor choice of fixative D. Prolonged clearing P106. B Incomplete dehydration of tissues during processing will cause poor staining and lack of nuclear detail after h & e staining.
P107. Process tissue fixed in zinc formalin hard and brittle. Chatter too, prevented by A. Tissue 4 less than 4 hours. B. Treat tissue for removal of pigment C. Placing tissue & buffer after fixation. D. Selecting better schedule 4 processing. P107. D. Selecting a better schedule for processing. Tissue has been overdehydrated or overprocessed due to long exposure to dehydrate
P108. Tech in electron microscopy developed dermatitis. This is probably because of exposure to. A. Osmium tetroxide B. Absolute ethanol C. Epoxy resins D. The electron beam P108. C. Repeated exposure to epoxy resins may cause dramatitis.
*P109. When placed a solution who is reflective index, a similar to reflective index of tissue tissue to should becomes A. Fragile B. Hard C. Small D. Translucent P109. D, although transparency is not a goal of clearing, it is a result of the clearing steps during processing due to similar refractive indices.
P110. Review of h&e colon bx show uneven staining & poor nuclear detail; likely cause is A. Pearson block was cool too slowly B. Test, you remained an alcohol too long. C. Ph of fixative wrong D. Clearing agent contaminated with water. P110. D. When tissue still contains water after clearing steps are complete staining results. May be uneven staining and poor nuclear detail.
P111. Xylene, toluene, and benzene belong to which chemical class? A. Hydrocarbon B. Ketone C. Phenol D. Sterol P111. A. Hydrocarbons. Xylene, toluene and benzene are all hydrocarbons.
P112. To help maintain morphology and formal infects. Tissue before freezing fixed tissue may be placed in a solution of. A. Gum mastic B. Saline C. Sucrose D. Talc P112. C. Sucrose. To maintain tissue morphology of fixed tissue that is to be frozen tissue should be infiltrated with 30% sucrose before freezing.
P113. Consider the viscosity at 20°C of various solutions. Which solution would clear most quickly? A. Benzene 0.65 B. Butanol 2.95 C. Toluene 0.59 D. Xylene 0.7 P113. C. Toluene has the lowest viscosity and will clear tissues most quickly.
P114. Penetration of any solution into tissue is increased as which of the following is increased. A. Molecular size of the solution. B. Temperature of the solution. C. Viscosity of the solution. D. Specific gravity of the solution. P114. B. Heat increases the penetration and fluid exchange.
P115. To Best demonstrate muscle enzymes. Which freezing method should be used. A. Cryostat freezer plate B. Dry ice C. Liquid nitrogen D. Isopentane prechilled to -150°c P115. D. Using isopentane Chilled to negative 150°C is the best freezing method for muscle enzyme demonstration.
P116. If processing starts at noon, what time will specimen be appropriate to add for urate crystals? 11 20 min spots and one 2 hr spot. A. 12 noon B. 1 pm C. 1:40 pm D. 3:30 pm P116. C. Absolute alcohol step. For demonstration of urate crystals, tissue must be loaded onto the processor in the absolute alcohol step.
P117. Polyethylene glycol is employed as the embedding medium for preservation of. A. Enzymes B. Urate crystals C. Lipids D. Keratin P117. C. Polyethylene glycol, also known as carbowax, is a water-soluble wax which will preserve lipids in tissue.
P118. Increasing the pressure inside the tissue processing chamber provides which of these advantages? A. Reagents, stay cooler. B. Boiling point of solvents increased C. flow of fluids improved D. Dehydration is slowed, Decreasing overdehydration P118. C. Increasing pressure inside a processing chamber will improve the flow of fluids into tissues.
P119. Considering viscosity at 20° of various solutions, which would dehydrate the most quickly. A. Acetone .3 B. Ethanol 1.2 C. Isopropanol 2.5 D. Methanol .6 P119. A. Acetone has the lowest viscosity of the choices, making it the most rapid of the dehydration choices.
P120. Consider viscosity at 20° of various solutions, given which would dehydrate most slowly. A. Acetone .3 B. Ethanol 1.2 C. Isopropanol 2.5 D. Methanol .6 P120. C. Isopropanol has the highest viscosity, making it the slowest of dehydrant choices.
P121. Consider viscosity at 20° of various solutions. Which of the following would clear most slowly? A. Acetone. 3 B. Benzene .65 C. Toluene .59 D. Xylene .7 P121. D. Xylene has the highest viscosity of clearant choices, making it the slowest.
P122. Picture of acid decalcified bone marrow caused by failing to. A. Wash fixative out before decal B. Wash specimen after decal. C. Store decal solution in fridge D. Orient section properly P122. B. Washing the decalcified bone marrow specimen in water will stop the action of acid decalcifiers, thus keeping the nuclear basophilia intact.
P123. Processing w/h2o-soluble wax tissue is fixed washed w/ water & A. Dehydrated w 95 & AA, cleared w/ xylene & infiltrated B. "" w95 & infil.. C. "" & cleared w/univr.solvnt & infilt.. D. Infiltrated only P123. D. Infiltrated only. Water-soluble waxes do not require dehydration and clearing.
P124. Which of the following should be selected when tissue must be embedded in a medium that will tolerate a small amount of water. A. Glycol methacrylate B. Celloidin C. Epon D. Paraffim P124. A. Glycol methacrylate (GMA) will tolerate a small amount of water after processing.
P125. If a lab ran out of ethanol, which following dehydrants, might be available and suitable for emergency use. A. Dioxane B. Tetrahydrofuran C. Isopropanol D. Butanol P125. C. Isopropanol is the substitute of choice for ethanol in tissue processing.
P126. The practice of double embedding generally employs these 2 types of compounds. A. Resin &agar B. Paraffin & resin C. Agar and paraffin wax D. Paraffin wax and methacrylate P126. C. Double embedding generally refers to first placing tissue fragments in liquid agar and Allowing it to solidify and then processing the agar tissue palate to paraffin wax.
P127. High resolution light microscopy is needed on a lymph node biopsy. To achieve the best results, the specimen should be processed for embedding in. A. Water soluble wax B. Celloidin C. Glycol methacrylate D. Microcrystalline wax P127. C. Glycol methacrylate (GMA) Embedding is recommended for very thin sections for light microscopy evaluation.
P128. Kidney fxd in phosphate buffered formalin, & rtinely processed. Vertical knife lines noted, same area, even when knife is moved. Likely due to A. Precipitated phosphates tissue B. Defects in knife edge C. Excessive dehydration D. Poor fixation P128. A. If phosphates from the buffered formalin are not rinsed out before 95% alcohol, the salts will precipitate in the processor this precipitate may cause difficulties in microtomy.
P129. Carbowax has a major disadvantage of. A. Dissolving during flotation B. Being a lengthy process C. Making tissues brittle D. Causing cell shrinkage P129. A. Carbowax is water soluble and therefore sections cannot be floated on water bath
P130. Paraffin infiltration at 70°c would A. Make tissues easier to section B. Preserve lipids better C. Shorten infiltration time by 50% D. Denature tissue antigens P130. D. Tissue antigens will be denatured by exposure to 70°C Paraffin, rendering them unable to be demonstrated.
*P131. An oil red o stain has been requested on a friable specimen that must be embedded for sectioning. Embedding medium should be used is. A. Plastic B. Paraffin C. Water soluble wax D. Celloidin P131. C. Water soluble wax. Because oil red o staining demonstrates, lipids and tissue tissue cannot be processed to paraffin. Processing to a water-soluble wax does not introduce heat or solvents. That would dissolve the fats in the sample.
*P132. Microwave processing generally uses which of the following reagents. A. Formalin instead of alcohol. B. Isopropyl alcohol for dehydration and clearing C. Ethyl alcohol and xylene. D. Saline for fixation and dehydration. P132. B. Isopropanol alcohol is generally used in microwave processing for both dehydration and clearing. As isopropanol is miscible with paraffin wealth.
P133. Paraffin in embedder is 12° above melting point. What needs to be done? A. Drain and replace. B. Check thermostat setting. C. Recheck the temperature in 24 hours. D. Do nothing, temperature is acceptable. P133. B first step is investigating temperature that's not acceptable is to check the instruments thermostat to make sure it's working.
P134. Method of decal needed for research. Bone specimen on which oxidative enzyme stains are essential, which to use? A. Electrolytic B. Ion exchange C. Chelating agents D. Simple acid P134. C. Oxidative enzyme stains can be done on bone that has been decalcified with a chelation agent such as EDTA.
P135. Project requires these specs. No water. Minimum distortion. Fat stains. Require several hours. Which processing techniques to use? A. Resin B. Celloidin C. Paraffin D. Water soluble wax P135. D. Water soluble wax is the choice to meet the specifications for the research project described.
P136. Electrolytic method of decal, specimen attached 2 anode. A. Calcium ion will become neutralized at this site. B. Proteins r more readily neutralized at site C. Insoluble calcium salts form on anode. D. Calcium ion's will migrate to the cathode P136. D. Positively charged calcium ions are attracted to the negatively charged Cathode.
P137. How many days a week may reveal problems in microtomy? And I'll think point a pair of them is 56 to 58. A. None B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 P137. C. The paraffin Bath temperatures are above acceptable range on Wednesday and Thursday, so the tissues processed on those days may show some microtomy artifacts.
P138. 2 maintain best morphology in samples 2 b decalcified. A. Tissues fixed prior 2 decal. B. Staining times are shortened 2 counteract increased basophilia C. Tissues treated w/ zinc salt after decal. D. Electrolytic method is done on specimens. P138. A. If bone is not adequately fixed prior to exposure to decalcification acids, the tissue morphology will be adversely affected.
P139. Processor schedule A Worst suited for which specimen. A. Gastric B. Decalcified bone C. Colon resection D. Large breast mass P139. A. Small biopsies such as gastric would show the most deleterious effects from long processing schedule on A.
P140. Processing schedule A. If processor was scheduled to have reagents rotated, which reagents would be dumped from their containers. A. 95% 1, 100% 2, xylene 1 B. 95% 1, 100% 1, xylene 1 C. 95% 2, 100% 3, xylene 3 D. 95% 1&2, 100% 3, xylene 1& 2 P140. Be the most contaminated dirty regions in each series should be discarded and the subsequent containers moved into their place. A fresh clean region of that series should replace what had been the last container of the series.
P141. Which type of tissue specimen would be processed adequately when processed using schedule c? A. Eyeball B. Fatty breast C. Fixed needle biopsy D. Cervical cone P141. C. A fixed needle biopsy would not need further fixation nor long times in each of the reagents to achieve adequate processing.
P142. Tissues processed overnight lack chromatin definition in nuclei. Likely cause? A. Inadequate fixation B. Prolonged dehydration C. Water remained in tissues during infiltration. D. Sections grossed too thick Why? P142. C When water remains in the tissue into the infiltration Step during processing, the staining may be uneven and lack definition.
P143. To assure small tissue pieces are not lost during processing. Where are they placed while in processor? A. Liquid agar & allow to solidify. B. Methacrylate resin & polymerized C. Nitrocellulose & hardened D. Chloroform and allowed to evaporate. P143. A Agar may be used to hold small fragments of tissue or cellular specimens together during paraffin processing.
P144. Appropriate method used for processing a body fluid with spontaneous clots. A. Squeeze out excess from clot &wrap in lens paper. B. Make cell block using agar C. Make a cell block using albumin method. D. Filter fluid & scrape cells off paper. P144. A. Recommend a method for handling psychologic fluids with spontaneous fibrin clots is to wrap the cloth in lens paper and place in a cassette for paraffin processing.
P145. Too many occurrences of the artifact shown in this image. Looks like holes, likely source? A. Tissue carryover in staining reagents B. Contaminated embedding paraffin C. Specimen packed too tight D. Forceps not cleaned between specimens P145. D The contaminant is pressed so tightly into the tissue specimen that it is obviously a "forcep metastasis" indicating that the forceps were not properly cleaned between specimens.
P146. Which areas would supervisor expect to have to monitor personal closely to determine source of artifacts, seen in image above. A. Microtomy B. Staining C. Embedding D. Processing P146. C The contaminant is pressed so tightly into the tissue specimen. Obviously a "forcep metastasis" forceps were not properly cleaned between specimens at the embedding table.
P147. Problems with tissue auto fluorescence in fish procedures. One possible cause is use of. A. Reagent alcohol for dehydration B. Eosin in dehydrant C. Paraffin embedded tissue D. Commercially made probe P147. B.. Eosin will autoflorescence. Therefore, its presence in tissues will cause autoflorescence interfering with florescence techniques such as FISH.
P148. To avoid tissue auto fluorescence, a good color and for the processor dehydrating solution is. A. Erythrocin B. Methylene blue C. Eosin D. Phloxin P148. B. Methylene blue is a good colorant for the processor dehydrating solution, especially if sections are to be used for fluorescence techniques such as FISH
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