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U2 Executive Branch
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Trustee representative | A representative who will vote on issues based on their own knowledge and judgment |
| Delegate representative | A representative who sees themselves as an agent of those who elected them and will vote on issues based on the interests of their constituents |
| Politico representative | uses a combination of trustee and delegate role conceptions |
| Policy agenda | a list of subjects or issues to which government officials will agree to consider as part of public policymaking |
| Cabinet | an advisory body to the President made up of the heads of the 15 executive departments and the Vice President |
| Executive Office of the President | comprises the offices and agencies that support the work and agenda of the President ; consists of the White House Office (headed by the Chief of Staff), National Security Council, and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) |
| Veto | formal power of the President to check Congress, but vetoes can be overridden with a 2/3 vote of both houses of Congress |
| Pocket veto | formal power of the President to check Congress, and cannot be overridden with a 2/3 vote of both houses of Congress |
| Line item veto | the (unconstitutional) authority of the President to reject or veto particular provisions of a bill passed by Congress |
| Commander in Chief | formal foreign policy power of the President |
| Executive agreement | informal foreign policy power of the President |
| Treaty | formal foreign policy of the President |
| Bargaining and persuasion | informal power of the President to secure congressional action |
| Executive order | an informal power to allow the president to manage the federal government and are implied by the president’s vested executive power or by power delegated by Congress |
| Signing statement | an informal power of the President to inform Congress and the public of the president’s interpretation of laws passed by Congress and signed by the president |
| Senate confirmation | an important check on appointment powers but there can be a potential for conflict based on who is chosen by the president for appointments, confirmed by senate |
| Congressional agenda | the formal list of policies Congress is considering at any given time ; policy conflicts with the congressional agenda can lead the president to use executive orders and directives to the bureaucracy to address the president’s own agenda items |
| Federalist 70 | offers justification for a single executive by arguing a strong executive is “essential to the protection of the country against foreign attacks, to the steady administration of the laws, to the protection of property, and to the security of liberty.” |
| 22nd Amendment | established presidential term limits and demonstrates concern about the expansion of presidential power |
| State of the Union | formal power of the President that is a nationally broadcast message for agenda setting that uses the media to influence public views about which policies are the most important |
| Bully pulpit | informal power of the President for agenda setting that uses the media to influence public views about which policies are the most important |
| Agenda setting | the President uses their formal and informal powers to influence public policy and public opinion in pursuit of their presidential agenda |
| Article III | foundation for powers of the judicial branch ; life tenure for justices allows the court to function independent of the current political climate |
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