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LEARNING
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice | Learning |
| When people learn anything, some part of their brain is | physically changed to record what they have learned. |
| Any kind of change in the way an organism behaves is | Learning |
| Russian physiologist (person who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs. | Ivan Pavlov |
| learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. | Classical conditioning |
| a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response. | Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
| "unlearned" or "naturally occurring." | Unconditioned |
| an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus. | Unconditioned response (UCR) |
| stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus. | Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
| means "learned" | Conditioned |
| can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus. | Neutral stimulus |
| learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. | Conditioned response (CR) / conditioned reflex |
| the repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of acquiring learning. | Acquisition |
| the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response. | Stimulus generalization |
| the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus. | Stimulus discrimination |
| the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning). | Extinction |
| the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred. | Spontaneous recovery |
| occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus. | Higher-order conditioning |
| emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person. | Conditioned emotional response (CER) |
| CERs may lead to phobias | irrational fear responses |
| classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. | Vicarious conditioning |
| development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association. | Conditioned taste aversion |
| the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning. | Biological preparedness |
| original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together. | Stimulus substitution |
| modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus. | Cognitive perspective |
| the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses. | Operant conditioning |
| law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated. | Thorndike’s Law of Effect |
| - Behaviorist; wanted to study only observable, measurable behavior. - Gave "operant conditioning" its name. – Operant - any behavior that is voluntary. - Learning depends on what happens after the response — the consequence. | Burrhus Frederic Skinner |
| any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again. | Reinforcement |
| any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch. | Primary reinforcer |
| any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars. | Secondary reinforcer |
| the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus. | Positive reinforcement |
| the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. | Negative reinforcement |
| the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior. | Shaping |
| small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior. | Successive approximations |
| occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced. | Extinction |
| Operantly conditioned responses also can be generalized to stimuli that are | only similar to the original stimulus |
| the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction. | Partial reinforcement effect |
| the reinforcement of each and every correct response. | Continuous reinforcement |
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same. | Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event. | Variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
| reinforcement schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same. | Fixed interval schedule |
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event. | Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
| any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again. | Punishment |
| the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus. | Punishment by application |
| the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus. | Punishment by removal |
| Punishment has several drawbacks | Severe punishment my cause avoidance of the punisher instead of the behavior being punished Severe punishment may encourage lying to avoidpunishment Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety |
| How to Make Punishment More Effective | • Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish. • Punishment should be consistent. • Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior. |
| any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement. | Discriminative stimulus |
| the reinforcement of simple steps that leads to a desired complex behavior | Shaping |
| small steps, one after another that lead to a particular goal behavior | Successive approximations |
| tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns. | Instinctive drift |
| the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior. | Behavior modification |
| type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens. | Token economy |
| a form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others. | Time-out |
| modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response. | Applied behavior analysis (ABA) |
| the use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control. | Biofeedback |
| form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices (fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior. | Neurofeedback |
| early cognitive scientist and best-known for experiments in learning involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze, one at a time | Edward Tolman |
| learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful. | Latent learning |
| the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly. | Insight |
| the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past. | Learned helplessness |
| learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior. | Observational learning |
| referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior. | Learning/performance distinction |
| Four Elements of Observational Learning | ATTENTION, MEMORY, IMITATION, MOTIVATION |
Created by:
chacham