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Module 10 Psych
Social Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. What is social psychology? | field of psych that examines hoe people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation |
| 1. What is Social cognition? | Making sense of our environment - how we think about other people, their motives, how we judge them, etc. |
| 1. What is Social influence? | Our behavior is influenced by the social environment and other people |
| 2. What is the difference between situationism and dispositionism? | Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors |
| 3. What is conformity? | The tendency to act and think like the people around us |
| What did Solomon Ash find in his study? | the line test, the confederates in a group (working for the researcher) said that the length of a line was the same as another one (even though it wasn't) and the real subject followed what the confederates said even though it was wrong |
| Why do people conform? | Normative influence: you conform to whatever the norm of the group is. Informational influence: when you don't want to be wrong (“The group must be smarter than me.”) Factors increasing conformity: Size of group, Unanimous group,Culture (collectivistic) |
| 4. What is obedience? | change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid consequences |
| What factors increase or decrease obedience? | Commands were given by an authority figure The authority figure was present in the room with the subject. The learner was in another room. The subject did not see other subjects disobeying commands. |
| What are the findings of Milgram’s studies? | The shock experiment: the experimenter told the “teacher” that whenever the “student” gets an answer wrong, the teacher should electric shock the student. The less authority the experimenter had the more disobedience the teachers showed. ↑authority=↑obedi |
| 5. What did Zimbardo demonstrate in his study of prison life? What are the pros/cons of that study? | Our behavior changes to fit our perceptions of our social role. The sense that it was an experiment went away, especially for the guards. Ordinary people might do things they never even imagined doing. It was traumatizing for all involved |
| 6. What are norms? | unspoken rules for behavior but we learn them |
| 7. What is prosocial behavior? | voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people |
| What is altruism? | humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping |
| 8. When do people help others? | Researchers suggest that people are most likely to help others in certain circumstances: They have just seen others offering help. They are not in a hurry. They share some similarities with the person needing help. |
| What factors increase or decrease the likelihood that we will help others? | the bystander effect and the decision model of helping |
| What is the Latane & Darley’s Decision Model for Helping? | Notice an event Interpret as emergency Assume responsibility for helping Know how to help Decide to help implement intervention Help victim Must answer yes to all of these in order to help. |
| 9. What is deindividuation? | the perceived loss of individuality and personal responsibility that can occur when someone participates as part of a group |
| What is Social facilitation? | a phenomenon where people show increased levels of effort and performance when in the presence of others—whether it be real, imagined, implied or virtual—compared to their effort and performance levels when they are alone. |
| What is Social loafing? | When we put forth less effort when we're working in a group because of the divided responsibility in the group |
| What is Groupthink? | group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus |
| 10. How do we perceive other people and form impressions of them? | Active and subjective process. Based on our perception and experience and not the objective qualities of that person |
| 11. What is attribution? | When we try to explain events and behaviors of ourselves and others |
| What are some errors do we make when using attribution? | Fundamental attribution error When we attribute the cause of behaviors in others to who they are (their internal, personal characteristics). We tend to ignore the influence of the situation on behavior |
| How does attribution vary between individualistic and collectivistic cultures? | Individualistic: ignore the influence of the situation, blame behavior on personal attributes collectivistic: attribute behavior solely to the situation and not personal attributes |
| 12. What is an attitude? | Learned tendencies to evaluate things/situations/people in a particular way |
| 13. What is Cognitive Dissonance? How can it change attitudes or behaviors? | a mental conflict that occurs when your beliefs don't line up with your actions. It creates tension. It creates a motivation to change to deal with the conflict between behavior and cognitive attitude. We rationalize to deal with the discomfort. |
| What is justification of effort and how is it related to people’s behavior? | theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them |
| 14. What is prejudice? | negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group |
| What are cognitive, emotional, and behavioral expressions of prejudice? | emotional component (emotions that range from mild nervousness to hatred), a cognitive component (assumptions and beliefs about groups, including stereotypes), and a behavioral component (negative behaviors, including discrimination and violence). |
| How do we prevent or stop prejudice? | the three most commonly used approaches are school multicultural programs, diversity training, and unconscious bias training. |
| What causes prejudice? What are some common sources of prejudice? | people's key values; the ways they see themselves and others; their sense of social identity, and social norms that define who is included in or excluded from social groups. |
| 15. What is a stereotype? | specific beliefs/assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group regardless of their individual characteristics. |
| 16. How do we think about in-group/out-group? | in-group: group that we identify with/see ourselves belonging to out-group: group that we don't belong to - group we view as fundamentally different from us |
| How does in-group/out-group explain biases? Ethnocentrism? Out-group homogeneity effect? | in-group bias: preference for our own group over other groups. ethnocentrism: the attitude that one's own group, ethnicity, or nationality is superior to others. homogeneity: to assume that the members of other groups are similar (but ours is diverse) |
| 17. How can we use persuasion to change attitudes? | 2 ways: The central route to persuasion uses facts and information to persuade potential consumers. The peripheral route uses positive association with cues such as beauty, fame, and positive emotions. |
| What are some persuasion techniques? | foot-in-the-door: persuasion of someone to do a small favor for you so they are more likely to later do a bigger favor. appeal to ethos (ethics); pathos(emotion); logos(logic); kairos(timing) |
| What is the elaboration likelihood model? | theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route. |
| what is the just-world hypothesis? | ideology common in the U.S. that people get the outcome they deserve |
| what is the bystander effect? | People think that another person will help or call the police, therefore no one does. The responsibility for helping is diffused. Add more people, create less responsibility for each person. |
| What are the four basic principles when forming impressions of people? | Our reactions of others are determined by our perceptions. Our goals in a situation determine the information we collect about people. We evaluate people based on our expectations. Self-perception influences our perceptions of others |
| why are stereotypes resistant to change? | because people encode social information in a stereotype-maintaining way: stereotypes reinforce themselves, and thus are resistant to change |
| How is a self-fulfilling prophecy related to stereotypes? | A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. |
Created by:
jennawilk