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Chapter 8 - Memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information; memory is construction/reconstruction, not reproduction |
| Recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier |
| Recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned |
| Relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again |
| encoding | the processing of information into the memory system, e.g., by extracting meaning |
| storage | the retention of encoded information over time |
| retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten |
| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short- term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also called declarative memory), processed in frontal lobes and hippocampus ( which temporarily store and then move information to longer term storage) |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection (also called non-declarative memory), processed by cerebellum (classically conditioned memories) and basal ganglia (motor movement and procedural movements for skills) |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled withing 3 or 4 seconds |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information/sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning |
| shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words |
| deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list |
| anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall olf old information |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories |
| self-reference effect | info deemed "relevant to me" is processed more deeply and remains more accessible |
| memory models | information processing: encoding, storage, retrieval connectionism-information processing: memories as products of interconnected neural networks |
| Atkinson-Shiffrin model | sensory memory, short-term, long-term memory (and now working memory and automatic processing) |
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