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Statistics
Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Population | the entire group of individuals we want information about |
| sample | a subset of individuals in the population from which we collect data |
| convenience sample | choosing individuals from the population that are easy to reach |
| voluntary response sample | consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general invitation |
| simple random sample (SRS) | a size "n" is chosen in such a way that every group of "n" individuals in the population has an equal chance to be selected as a sample |
| SRS Table D | Random Digit Table, number individuals, select #s from random digit table |
| SRS TI-84 | Technology. number individuals, select #s from (RandInt) on calc |
| SRS Paper | Hat Method, write individuals on equally sized papers, mix up, choose #s, without replacement |
| Observational study | observe individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the response (implying no treatment) |
| Experiment | deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their response (placebo is a treatment) |
| placebo | "sugar pill", NOT an explanatory variable |
| subjects | when your experimental units are human beings |
| experimental units | the smallest collections of individuals in which treatments are applied |
| confounding variables | occurs when 2 variables are associated in such a way that their effects on the response cannot be distinguished from each other |
| Four components of great experiment 1 | random assignment |
| Four components of great experiment 2 | comparison of 2+ treatments ( can be placebo) |
| Four components of great experiment 3 | control (each group is the same) |
| Four components of great experiment 4 | replication (repeat many times) |
| completely randomized design | the experimental units are assigned to the treatments completely by chance (calc, hat method, random digit table) |
| blind | if either the subjects OR the researchers ( not both ) know who is receiving which treatment |
| double blind | neither the subject nor the researchers know who is receiving which treatment |
| statistically significant | when an observed difference between groups is too large to be explained by chance |
| matched pairs blocked | each individual or subject gets both treatments |
| Systematic random sampling | every "n" th person in a population is chosen to be part of the sample |
| stratified random sampling | begin by classifying the population into groups of similar individuals (called strata) then choose a separate SRS in each stratum and combine to form a single sample |
| cluster sampling | classify population into groups of individuals that are located near each other then choose an SRS of the clusters |
| When can you generalize the results to a population? | when the sample is randomly selected |
| When is there an explanatory response relationship? | when the subjects/experimental units are assigned treatments randomly |
Created by:
carlipease1147
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