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Sociology Exam 2
Review for the second sociology exam woot woot.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Capital | Resources we use to get what we want and need |
| Economic Capital | Financial resources that are and can be converted into money, measured by income and wealth |
| Income | Steady source of money (salary, pensions, social assistance) |
| Wealth | Money sitting in the bank and ownership of economic assets |
| Economic Elite | Minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth |
| Social Mobility | Opportunity to move up/down in the economic hierarchy |
| Wage | Cash payments given to workers in exchange for their labor |
| Capitalism | Economic system based on private ownership of resources used to create wealth and right of individuals to personally profit |
| Proletraiat | People employed by others who work for a wage, owned labor |
| Bourgeoisie | People who employed the workers |
| Means of Production | Resources that could be used to create wealth |
| Alienation | Feelings of dissatisfaction and disconnection from the fruits of one's labor |
| Crisis of Capitalism | Caused by fewer amounts of bourgeoisie controlling more wealth, leads to class consciousness, and eventually socialism |
| Class Consciousness | Understanding that members of a social class share economic interests |
| Socialism | Shared ownership of resources to create wealth that is then distributed by government for the enrichment of all |
| Free Market Capitalism | Capitalist system with little to no government regulation |
| Labor Unions | Associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employees as a group instead of individuals |
| Social Safety Net | Patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities |
| Living Wage | Income that allowed full-time workers to afford basic needs, normalized by unions |
| Welfare Capitalism | Some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more eventually across the population, emerged after the New Deal |
| Contradictory Class Locations | Positions in the economy that are in some ways like the proletariat and other ways like the bourgeoisie (ex: middle managers in bureaucratic corporations) |
| Service and Info Economy | Centered on jobs in which workers provide services/work with information |
| Precariat | New class of workers who live economically precarious lives |
| Working Poor | People in labor force who earn poverty-level wages |
| Glass Ceiling | Invisible barrier that restricts upward mobility |
| Glass Floor | Invisible barrier that restricts downward mobility |
| Wealth Gaps | Differences in the amount of money and economic assets owned by people from different social identity groups |
| Wage Gaps | Differences between the hourly earnings of different social identity groups (present in every educational level, larger differences among those who are highly-educated) |
| Colorism | Prejudice against and discrimination toward people with dark sin compared to those with light skin, regardless of race |
| Ideology | Beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify a society's existing social structure of power/privilege by making these arrangement seem natural, necessary, and fair |
| Racism | Society's production of unjust outcomes for some racial/lecture groups |
| Residential Segregation | Sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods |
| Hypersegregation | Residential segregation so extreme that many people's daily lives involve little to no contact with other races |
| White Fight | Organized white resistance to integration |
| White Flight | White people leave when minorities move in |
| Redlining | Refusing loans to/steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor or minority neighborhoods |
| Resource Deserts | Places that lack beneficial/critical amenities |
| Spatial Analysis | Data are layered onto a landscape divided into fine-grained segments |
| Environmental Racism | Practice of exposing racial/ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than White people |
| Achievement Gaps | Disparities in the academic achievements of different kinds of students |
| Tracking | Placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability, minorities get placed into low-track classes |
| Adultification | Form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children (example: children of color are more likely to be treated as if they have bad intent) |
| School-to-prison Pipeline | Practice of disciplining/punishing children and youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system |
| Mass Incarceration | An extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective, fueled by War on Drugs |
| Mass Deportation | An extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective, disproportionately targeted Hispanic Americans |
| Cross-institutional Advantage and Disadvantage | People are positively/negatively served across multiple institutions |
| Cumulative Advantage and Disadvantage | Advantage/disadvantage that builds over the life course |
| Intergenerational Advantage and Disadvantage | Advantage/disadvantage that is passed from parents to children |
| Structural Violence | Institutional discrimination that injuries the body and mind |
| Interpersonal Discrimination | Prejudicial behavior displayed by individuals |
| Institutional Discrimination | Widespread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others |
| Patriarch/Property Marriage | One in which women and children are owned by men, seen as property |
| Breadwinner/Homemaker Marriage | Wage-earning spouse supports a stay-at-home spouse and children, emerged after Industrial Revolution, created a workplace |
| Family Wage | An income, paid to a man, that is large enough to a support a non-working wife and children |
| Ideology of Separate Spheres | Idea that home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space suited to men |
| Heternormative | Promoted heterosexuality as only preferred identity |
| Mononormative | Promoted monogamy (requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other) |
| Pro-natal | Promoting childbearing and stigmatizing going child-free |
| Partnership Unions | Relationship model based on love and companionship between equals, emerged in 1970s |
| Ideal Worker Norm | Idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities |
| Ideology of Intensive Motherhood | Idea that children require concentrated maternal investment, dominant parenting ideal today |
| Greedy Institutions | Institutions that take up a lot of time and energy (ex: work and family) |
| Second Shift | Unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs |
| Job Segregation | Sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations, enables institutional discrimination |
| Androcentric Pay Scale | Positive correlation between number of men in an occupation relative to women and wages paid to employees (ex: female-dominated occupations pay, on average, less than those filled mostly by men) |
| Male Flight | Phenomenon in which men abandon an activity when women start adopting it |
| Care Work | Work that involves face to face caretaking of physical, emotional, and educational needs of others |
| Glass Escalator | An invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations |
| Feminization of Poverty | A concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender-conforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming, heterosexual, cisgender men at the top |
| Stalled Revolution | Sweeping change in gender relations that has started but is not fully realized |
| Domestic Outsourcing | Paying of non-family members to do family-related tasks (eating out, housekeeping) |
| Global Care Chains | Series of nurturing relationships in which international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid/unpaid workers |
| Time-use Diaries | A research method in which participants are asked to self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours, good measure of how whole populations are spending their time |
| Industrial Economy | An economy dependent on the production of material goods intended for the market |
| Wage | money gained from working in places like factories, mines, and shops that belong to others |
| Freedom/Power Paradox | Women have more freedom than men but less power, men have more power than women but less freedom |
| Hegemonic Masculinity | Form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture, "the perfect man" |
| Subordinated Masculinities | Gay, weak, effiminate |
| Marginalized Masculinities | Perceived sufficiently masculine but considered lesser by virtue of another social identity (ex: working-class men are considered sexist and abusive) |
| Complicit Masculinities | Men who don’t reach the ideal but fit many of the characteristics, so still benefit from male privilege |
| Androcentrism | Production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity, women are encouraged to be a little more masculine |
| Sexism | Production of unjust outcomes for people who are perceived biologically female |
| Gender Binary | Idea that there are only two genders |
| Cisgender | People who identify with their gender assigned at birth |
| Intersex | People with physical characteristics typical of both people assigned male and people assigned female at birth |
| Nonbinary | Identify as both genders or neither |
| Intersectionality | The fact that gender is not an isolated social fact about us but instead intersects with all the other distinctions among people made important by our society |
| Social Reproduction | Process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation |
| Power | Ability to carry out one's will, even over resistance of others |
| Pluralist Theory of Power | Idea that US politics are characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals |
| Elite Theory of Power | Idea that a small group of networked individuals control the most powerful positions in our social institutions |
| Power Elite | Those who are the economic/status elite |
| Hunter/Gatherer Societies | Hunted animals and gather plants, moved to a new place when food sources ran low, lived off land, LITTLE TO NO SURPLUS, FEW STRUCTURED INEQUALITIES |
| Horticultural Societies | Breeding of animals/cultivating plants, specialization and division of labor since not everyone had to produce food, different groups traded with one another, CLASS HIERARCHY EMERGED, ACCUMULATED SURPLUS OF FOOD AND WEALTH |
| Agricultural Societies | Growing occupational diversity leads to greater inequality, complex system of merchants, soldiers, officials, kings, poor peasants, MORE SURPLUS, MORE INEQUALITY |
| Industrial Societies | Mass production of nonagricultural goods, GREATER SURPLUS, MORE COMPLEX, MUCH MORE SOCIAL INEQUALITY |
| Post-Industrial Societies | Large service sector while other poor countries make goods, education divides well-paying jobs/poor jobs, more extensive and fast trade, HUGE SURPLUS, HIGH INEQUALITY |
| Labor | The work that the proletariat could do with their bodies and minds |
| First Gilded Age | 1870-1900, a period of unusually high economic inequality, due to free market capitalism |
| Takao Ozawa and Bhagat Singh Thind | Sued on basis that Japanese and Indian people were White. First ruled that "white" had to defined by people from the Caucasus Mountains, later reversed logic in ruling that stated that white was based on common understanding among people |
| Fair Housing Act of 1968 | Made it illegal to discriminate against renters and buyers because of their race, religion, national origin, or sex |
| Social Capital | Number of people we know and resources they offer us |
| Interlocks | Formal connections that give power elite reason to act in coordinated ways |
| Revolving Door | Horizontal mobility between command posts in different social institutions |
| Social Closures | Process by which advantaged groups preserve opporutinities for themselves while restricting them for others |
| Cultural Hegemony | Power maintained primarily by persuasion, introduced by Antonio Gramsci |
| Hegemonic Ideologies | Shared ideas about how human life should be organized that are used to manufacture our consent to existing social conditions |
| Individualism | Idea that people are independent actors responsible for primarily themselves |
| Collectivism | Idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities to the group |
| Xenophobia | Prejudice against foreigners, displayed by individualistic people |
| Ethnography | Careful observation of naturally occurring social interaction as a participant |
| Field Notes | Descriptive accounts of what occurred along with sociological observations |
| Ideology of Meritocracy | Belief that rewards in our society are given on the basis of performance and qualification |
| Domhoff's Defintion of Social Class | A set of intermarrying and interacting families who see each other as equals, share a common style of life, and have a common viewpoint of the world |
| Cultural Capital | Symbolic resources that communicate one's social status |
| Objectified Cultural Capital | Symbolic significance of things we own (clothes, modern art, etc) |
| Institutional Cultural Capital | Symbolic significance of endorsements from recognized organizations (college degree, trophies, scholarships) |
| Embodied Cultural Capital | Symbolic significance of our bodies (how we look, what we know) |
| Fit | When our mix of cultural capital matches out social context |
| Economic Capital | Money |
Created by:
millimeteryeeter