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EXAM 3 NUT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The capacity to do work is called _____. | Energy |
| _____ energy maintains constant body temperature | Heat |
| _____ energy moves muscles. | Mechanical |
| _____ energy transmits nerve impulses. | Electrical |
| _____ energy powers the wide range of activities of the cells | Chemical |
| _____ includes all of the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food. | Energy Metabolism |
| All living things get their energy ultimately from the _____. | Sun |
| The body breaks down food into _____, compounds the body can use for energy. | Fuel |
| When food is metabolized, it releases…. (3 things) | Energy, Water, Waste (Carbon dioxide) |
| ____ cells are the most metabolically active | Liver |
| _____ is filled with a jelly-like substance that contains enzymes involved in glucose breakdown | Cytoplasm |
| _____ is enclosed by the inner cell membrane. | Nucleus |
| _____ are inside the nucleus and contain DNA. | Chromosomes |
| _____ is the powerhouse of the cell. | Mitochondria |
| _____ is dotted with ribosomes, which are the site of protein synthesis | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| _____ is the site of lipid synthesis in the cell. | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| _____ is the building reaction; or, reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger molecules. | Anabolism |
| True or False: Anabolic reactions use energy. | True |
| _____ is the breakdown reaction; or, reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones | Catabolism |
| True or False: Catabolic reactions release energy | True |
| When energy is released during the breakdown of nutrients, some is captured as _____. | ATP |
| Adenosine triphosphate is made up chemically by an adenosine plus three phosphate groups, which are bound by _____ bonds that are easily broken | High energy |
| One of the helpers to metabolic reactions, ____ are protein catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions | Enzymes |
| _____ are helpers to enzymes. | Coenzymes |
| _____ is a 3-carbon structure that plays a key role in energy metabolism. | Pyruvate |
| True or False: Pyruvate can be used to make glucose. | True |
| _____ is a 2-carbon structure with a coenzyme attached. | Acetyl CoA |
| True or False: Acetyl CoA cannot be used to make glucose. | True |
| Acetyl CoA enters the _____, which breaks down the acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms | TCA Cycle |
| The final pathway in energy metabolism is the _____. | Electron Transport Chain |
| When glucose enters the metabolic pathway (cheeseburger), the 6-carbon compound is broken down into two 3-carbon compounds known as _____ | Pyruvate |
| When the body needs energy at a slow or moderate rate and oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the _____ | Aerobic pathway |
| When the body needs energy fast, and not enough oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the _____ | Anaerobic pathway |
| In the aerobic pathway, pyruvate loses a carbon and becomes a 2-carbon compound that bonds with a molecule of ____. | CoA - becoming Acetyl CoA |
| The extra carbon is expelled as ____. | Carbon dioxide |
| In the process of metabolizing pyruvate to acetyl CoA, coenzymes carry hydrogens to the electron transport chain. When the electron transport chain is not available, _____ accepts the hydrogens | Pyruvate |
| When pyruvate accepts the hydrogens, instead of the electron transport chain, pyruvate becomes _____. | Lactic Acid |
| Why would this occur? | Not enough oxygen Not enough mitochondria (overeating) |
| When lactate builds up in the muscles, the person may experience.. | Burning and fatigue |
| The _____ is the pathway by which glucose is metabolized to lactate in the muscle; lactate is converted back to glucose by the liver, and then glucose is returned to the muscle | Cori Cycle |
| When triglycerides are metabolized, glycerol enters the metabolic pathway midway between ___ and ___. | Glucose and Pyruvate |
| Glycerol can be easily converted to another 3-carbon compound that can become ____ (up) or ___ (down) and then to acetyl CoA | Glucose, Pyruvate |
| Fatty acids break apart two carbons at a time in a process known as _____. | Fatty acid oxidation |
| Each 2-carbon fragment from fatty acid oxidation, combines with a coenzyme to become _____ | Acetyl CoA |
| True or False: Fatty Acids can make glucose | FALSE |
| Amino acids lose their nitrogen-containing amino group in a process called ___ before entering the metabolic pathway. | Deamination |
| Amino acids have three options when entering the metabolic pathway: | 1. Converted to pyruvate 2. Converted to acetyl CoA 3. Enter the TCA cycle directly |
| When glucose is not available, ___ is the next best source for the body. | Protein |
| Since some amino acids enter the metabolic pathway at pyruvate, they can be used to make glucose. These are called ___ amino acids. | Glucogenic |
| Amino acids that are converted to acetyl CoA in the metabolic pathway are not able to be converted to glucose and are considered ___. | Ketogenic |
| When acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle as cells need energy, it breaks down into ___ and ___. | Two carbon dioxide molecules and a coenzyme (CoA) |
| The TCA cycle is a circular path that requires ___ in the first step and produces this same compound in the last step. | Oxaloacetate |
| The reactions of the TCA cycle occur in the ___ of the cell. | Mitochondria |
| ___ (4-carbon compound) and ___ (2-carbon compound) enter the TCA cycle to become a 6-carbon compound. | Oxaloacetate ; acetyl CoA |
| One carbon is dropped off. Then, another is dropped off, to leave the 4-carbon compound ___ to pick up another acetyl CoA. | oxaloacetate |
| The carbons dropped off in this process and the carbons dropped off by acetyl CoA are expelled as ___. | Carbon dioxide |
| In the TCA cycle, when compounds lose a carbon, two things are carried to the electron transport chain. What are they? | Hydrogens and electrons |
| What moves these to the electron transport chain? | Coenzymes |
| Each TCA cycle releases ___ electrons. | eight |
| Oxaloacetate is made primarily from ___, making carbohydrate essential to the diet. | Pyruvate |
| True or false: Oxaloacetate MUST be available for acetyl CoA to enter the TCA cycle. | TRUE |
| The electron transport chain captures energy as ATP in the form of ___. | High energy bonds |
| The series of protein carriers in the electron transport chain pass electrons until they reach ____. | oxygen |
| Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen to form ____ | Water |
| True or False: Oxygen is not necessary for metabolism | False |
| As the protein carriers pass electrons and water is formed, hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane to the outer compartment of the mitochondria. When the hydrogen ions rush back into the inner compartment, ___ is produced to make ___. | Energy; ATP |
| ATP leaves the mitochondria and enters the ____, to be used for energy by the cell. | Cytoplasm |
| When this metabolic cycle is disrupted (by overeating, for example), cells can be ___. | injured |
Created by:
ericf12