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APUSH Period 3
APUSH Period 3 1763-1800
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Consider whether the collapse of British authority in the 13 rebellious colonies might have been avoided through compromise measures and more astute leadership. Was colonial independence inevitable, and was war the only way to achieve it? | inevitable. If better leadership, the war would be delayed but would eventually happen. Sooner or later, there would be some sort of conflict. The colonies would eventually be taxed and there would at some point be a ruler that suppressed their voice. |
| Why did the imperial crisis lead to war between Britain and the United States? | Britain was not representing the colonies yet he was placing taxes on them. The king took away any forms of independence they had and then taxed them and became much more controlling. They didn't like this and rebelled. War broke out. |
| Sugar Act (of 1764) | British law that lowered the duty on French molasses and raised penalties for smuggling. New England merchants opposed both the tax and the provision that they would be tried in a vice-admiralty court |
| virtual representation | some of the members were transatlantic merchants and West Indian Sugar Planters. Their presence was representation but not really |
| Stamp Act Congress | congress of delegates from nine assemblies that met in New York City in October 1765 to protest the loss of American "rights and liberties." The congress challenged Parliament by declaring that only the colonists' elected representatives could tax them. |
| English common law | The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the British monarch's subjects |
| Townshend Act (of 1767) | British law that established new duties on lots of things imported to the colonies. Led to boycotts and tension |
| Committees of correspondence | a communications network established among colonial assemblies between 1772 and 1773 to provide for rapid dissemination of news about important political developments |
| Coercive Acts | 4 British acts of 1774 meant to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of 3 shiploads of tea. Known as the Intolerable Act, they led open rebellion in the northern colonies |
| Lord Dunmore's War | led by Virginia's governor against the Ohio Shawnees, who claimed Kentucky as a hunting ground. The Shawnees were defeated and Virginians claimed Kentucky as their own. |
| Second Continental Congress | Legislative body that governed the United States from May 1775 through the war's duration. It established an army, created its own money, and declared independence. |
| Samuel Adams | Sons of Liberty member, organized first Committee of Correspondence, proposed first Continental Congress, helped write AOC |
| Thomas Jefferson | founding father, author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president of the United States, anti-federalist |
| Patriot | colonists that opposed the Kingdom of Great Britain's control over the colonies during the revolution |
| Proclamation Line of 1763 | prohibited colonists from settling on lands acquired from French following the French and Indian War |
| Unicameral | (of a legislative body) having a single legislative chamber |
| Stamp Act (of 1765) | British law imposing a tax on paper used in the colonies. Widespread resistance to the Stamp Act prevented it from taking effect and led to its repeal in 1766. |
| Quartering Act (of 1765) | A British law passed by Parliament that required colonial governments tp provide barracks and food for British troops. |
| Sons of Liberty | colonists who banded together to protest the stamp act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s. The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies. |
| Declaratory Act (of 1766) | Law asserting Parliament's unassailable right to legislate for its British colonies "in all cases whatsoever" |
| Nonimportation movement | the effort to protest parliamentary legislation by boycotting British goods. This occurred in 1766, in response to the Stamp Act; in 1768, after the Townshend duties; and in 1774 , after the Coercive Acts |
| Tea Act (of May 1773) | lowered the existing tax on tea and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting Americans to buy it |
| Continental Congress | gathering of delegates in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis caused by the Coercive Acts. The Congress issued a declaration of rights and agreed of a boycott of trade with Britian. |
| Minutemen | colonial militiamen ready to mobilize on short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s. These volunteers formed the core of the citizen's army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. |
| Popular sovereignty | government based on the consent of the people (governed) |
| Thomas Paine and Common Sense | Paine wrote in simple words why we should be independent from Britain. It was easy to understand and reached lots of people. Convinced lots to join the patriot side. |
| Declaration of Independence | declared separation from Britain. Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, it ended a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain. |
| Loyalist | someone that supported Great Britain |
| Guerilla warfare | not the typical standing in a line and shooting. More sneaky. Hiding in trees, mud, ect. Element of surprise |
| Bicameral | (of legislative body) having two branches or chambers |
| How revolutionary was the American Revolution? What political, social, and economic changes did it produce, and what stayed the same? | The American Revolution was very revolutionary. We basically invented a new form of government that the world had never seen before. It was a nation of the people. Many of the political, social, and economic systems really changed. |
| Why did the American independence movement succeed, and what changes did it initiate in American society and government? | The Americans had a reason to fight. The British didn't care. They were in it for the money or told to be there. he Americans had spirit and home field advantage. Once the war was over, America did anything they could to be different form Britain. |
| Battle of Saratoga | A multistage battle in New York ending with the surrender of British general John Burgoyne. The victory ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris, who won a military alliance with France. |
| Battle of Yorktown | A battle in which French and American troops and a French fleet trapped the British army at Yorktown, Virginia. The Franco-America victory broke the resolve of the British government and led to peace negotiations. |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | The treaty that ended the Revolutionary War. By its terms, Great Britian formally recognized America independence and relinquished its claim to lands south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River. |
| Articles of Confederation | The written document defining the structure of the government form 1781 to 1788, under which the Union was a confederation of equal states, with no executive and limited powers, existing mainly to foster a common defense. |
| Shay's Rebellion | Revolutionary War veterans protesting the taxation policies of the eastern elites who controlled the state's government. |
| New Jersey Plan | , It shared with the Virginia Plan enhanced congressional powers to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states. |
| Antifederalists | Opponents of ratification on the Constitution. They feared that a powerful and distant government would be out of touch with the needs of the people. |
| George Washington | American military officer, first president, Founding Father |
| James Madison | built up strength of county militia, major contributor to the ratification of the Constitution |
| Ratification | the action of signing or giving formal consent to treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid |
| Valley Forge | A military camp in which George Washington's army of 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered horribly in the winter of 1777-1778 |
| Currency tax | a hidden tax on farmers paying Continental bills in payment for supplies and on soldiers who took them as pay. Rampant inflation caused Continental currency to lose much of its value during the war, implicitly taxing those who accepted it as payment. |
| Mixed government | 3 branches of government, each representing one function: executive, legislative, and judicial. This system of dispersed authority was devised to maintain a balance authority was devised to maintain a balance of power in government. |
| Northwest Ordinance (1787) | A land act that provided for orderly settlement and established a process by which settled territories would become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It also banned slavery in the Northwest Territory. |
| Virginia Plan | It designed a powerful 3 branch government, with representation in both houses of the congress tied to population; this plan would have eclipsed the voice of small states in the national government. |
| Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution of 1787, which created a strong central government; their opponents, the Antifederalists, feared that a strong central government would corrupt the nation's newly won liberty. |
| Federalists Papers no.10 | a strong federal government can protect liberty because it guards against the dangers of control by a narrow interest (faction) |
| Baron von Steuben | He taught soldiers in the Revolutionary War how to fight, German officer, adapted Prussian techniques |
| The Great Compromise | it established the United States legislature as a bicameral, representation in the upper and lower parts of congress |
| What was required to make the US a strong, viable, independent republic in its early years, and how did debates over the Constitution shape relations between the national government states? | need for a strong central government, other in favor of the states having more influence. To have a good mix of both we created the Constitution. It gave power to all of the groups and spread the power so that nothing was dominating over something else. |
| Why did the US survive the challenges of its first three decades to become a viable, growing independent republic? | The Constitution worked. There were essays and additional documents defending and adding to it to make it stable. The people in the government were able to have a good mix of rules and freedoms. We got out of financial trouble and set up a good system. |
| Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified by 1791. The amendments safeguarded fundamental personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and mandated legal procedures, such as trail by jury. |
| Proclamation of Neutrality | issued by President George Washington in 1793, allowing US citizens to trade with all belligerents in the war between France and Great Britain |
| Whiskey Rebellion | A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax on whiskey |
| Haitian Revolution | An uprising against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue that liberated slaves form the island and armies from three European countries. In 1803, Saint-Domingue became the independent black republic of Haiti, in which former slaves were citizens |
| VA and KY Resolutions | If any act of federal law broke the compact of the states, they had the right to nullify the federal law (sets precedent for states interpreting the Constitution.) |
| Treaty of Greenville | Indians surrendered Ohio territory |
| Louisiana Purchase | (1803) purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River. From Gulf of Mexico to Canada. Almost doubles the size of America. Jefferson uses powers no explicitly given by the Constitution. |
| Treaty of Ghent | a treaty signed on Christmas Eve 1814 that ended the War of 1812. It retained the prewar borders of the United States |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823. No European interference in South American affairs |
| John Adams | American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president |
| John Marshall | established the power and prestige of the judiciary department |
| Henry Clay (+ nickname) | secretary of state in 1825, known as the "Great Pacificator or Great Compromiser" He came up with good compromises |
| Lewis and Clark | explore the new Louisiana Territory with Sacagawea |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | an 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain's claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana |
| Bank of the United States | A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Alexander Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the American economy. |
| French Revolution | a revolution in France that caused conflict and discussion over whether or not the US government should help French allies like they did for us or if we were too weak to handle it right now. |
| Jay's Treaty | Between United States and Britain. John Jay was sent to England to search and seizure of American ships and impressment of our sailors into the British Navy |
| XYZ Affair | Delegates to France over seizure of ships have bribes requested of them to broker the deal |
| Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Act | 3 laws limited individual rights and threatened the fledgling party system. The Naturalization Act, residency requirement of citizenship, Alien Act deport foreigners, Sedition Act prohibited the publication of insults of president or members of Congress |
| Marbury V. Madison (1803) | established judicial review |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | closed US ports to all exports and restricted imports from Britain. Jefferson's response to British and French interference with neutral US merchant ships during the Napoleonic Wars |
| McCulloch V. Maryland (1819) | established national supremacy. Maryland legislature imposed a tax on the Bank of the United States. SCOTUS determined that a state cannot tax the national government. |
| Alexander Hamilton | founding father, fought in the American Revolutionary War, helped draft the Constitution, and served as the 1st treasury of secretary. Set up America's financial system |
| Little Turtle | Chief of the Miami people, military leader |
| Tecumseh | Shawnee chief and warrior that resisted the whites |
| John Quincy Adams | 6th president of the United States |
| Yeoman farmers | non-slaveholding, small landowning, family farmers |
Created by:
PiattL26