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Forensics Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chain of custody | the documented and unbroken transfer of evidence |
| circumstantial evidence | (indirect evidence) used to imply facts but not supported directly |
| class evidence | material that connects an individual or thing to a certain group |
| crime-scene-investigation | a multidisciplinary approach where scientific and legal professionals work together to solve a crime |
| crime-scene investigation | a hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was committed through its commission |
| datum point | a permanent, fixed point used in mapping a crime scene |
| direct evidence | evidence that (if authentic) supports an alleged fact of a case |
| first responder | the first safety official to arrive at a crime scene |
| paper bindle | a folded paper used to hold trace evidence |
| primary crime scene | the location where the crime took place |
| secondary crime scene | another location related to the primary crime scene; where evidence is found |
| trace evidence | small but measurable amounts of physical or biological evidence found at a crime scene |
| triangulation | a mathmatic method of estimating position of objects at a crime scene using a stationary object |
| rigor mortis | stiffening of the muscles after death dues to the depletion of ATP |
| livor mortis | the settling of red blood cells due to lack of cardiac activity and gravity |
| algor mortis | the cooling of the body after death, which will gradually become the same temperature as the ambient environment |
| autopsy | a medical examination ( inside and out) to determen the manor of death |
| cause of death | the reason someone died |
| manner of death | official terms such as natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, or undetermined cause of death |
| mechanism of death | the specific change in the body that brought about the cessation of life |
| medical examiner | investigats deaths occurring under suspicious or unusual circumstances |
| putrefaction | the destruction of soft tissues due to bacterial activity |
| allele | an alternative form of a gene |
| chromosome | nuclear cell structure that contains DNA in humans |
| CODIS combined DNA index system | FBI's computerized criminal DNA database |
| electrophoresis | a method of seperating molecules such as DNA, according to size |
| exon | portion of gene that is expressed |
| gene | segment of DNA that codes for a trait |
| genome | all DNA found in human cells |
| intron | portion of a gene that is not expressed |
| karyotype | picture of the paired homologous chromosomes and sex cromosomes in a cell |
| polymerase chain reaction PCR | a method of amplifying minute amounts of DNA used for an investigation |
| primer | sequence of DNA added to trigger replication of a specific section of DNA |
| restriction enzyme | "molecular scissors" q molecule that cuts a DNA molecule at a specific base sequence |
| restriction fragment | DNA fragment that restriction enzymes create, as in preperation for gel electrophorsis |
| short tandem repeats STR | sequence of repeating bases in non coding regons of DNA that are used in DNA profiling |
| agglutination | clumping of cells caused by an antigen antibody response |
| angle of impact | angle at which blood strikes a target surface relative to the horizontal plane of the target surface |
| antibodies | proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to specific antigens |
| antigen | substance that provokes an immune response in the body |
| area of origin | the location of a blood source viewed in 3D as determined by projecting angles of impact of individual blood stains |
| cast off pattern | blood projected onto a surface as a result of being flung from an object in motion |
| passive drop | a blood drop cause by gravity only |
| satellite | smaller blood drops projected from a larger drop upon impact of a surface |
| spine | elongated blood streaks radiating away from the main blood drop |
| swipe | blood pattern that is a result of a transfer from one surface to another |
| wipe | smeared blood pattern that is a result of an object moving through a pool of blood |
| arch | print pattern in which the friction ridges enter on one side of a finger print and flow out the other side with a rise or wave in the center |
| core | A structure in the print that is the center line or lines of the print; it is important for conducting ridge counts. |
| delta | that point on a ridge in front of and nearest the center of the divergence of the type lines |
| fingerprint | evidence of fingerprint is the field of forensic expertise related to the inference of a fingerprint |
| IAFIS | a national fingerprint and criminal history system maintained by the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division |
| latent fingerprint | an impression of the friction skin of the fingers or palms of the hands that has been transferred to another surface |
| loop | type of fingerprint pattern in which one or more of the ridges. enter on either side of the impression, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn from the delta to the core |
| minutiae | major features of a fingerprint, using which comparisons of one print with another can be made. |
| patent fingerprint | what's left when you have liquid on your fingers—ink or blood, for example—and touch a smooth surface |
| plastic fingerprint | impressions made when you touch something soft and malleable like wax or fresh paint |
| ridge count | The number of ridges intervening between the delta and the core |
| ridge pattern | The recognizable pattern of the ridges found in the end joints of fingers |
| ten card | A form used to record and preserve a person's fingerprints |
| whorl | form circular or spiral patterns, like tiny whirlpools |
| sole | the pattern on the bottom of a piece of footwear |
| rib | an individual ridge of tread running down the tread area and around the circumference of the tire |
| track width | the distance from the center of the tread pattern on the left tire to the center of the tread pattern right tire |
| tread | The designed part of the shoe or tire that comes into contact with the ground or road |
| turning diameter | a measure of how tight a circle can be driven by a vehicle |
| wheel base | the distance from the center of the front axle on a vehicle to the center of the rear axle |
| counterfeiting | any wholesale fraudulent imitation |
| document expert | makes scientific examinations, comparisons, and analyses of documents |
| exemplar | examples of a person's writing |
| forgery | any deliberate alteration of a document made with intent to deceive |
Created by:
BM2024