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Bio 105 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy | The ability to do work or make a change (2 Types) |
| Kinetic Energy & Mechanical Energy | Energy of motion & Energy possessed by an object because of its motion |
| Potential Energy & Chemical Energy | Stored energy & Energy related to the interactions of atoms in a molecule |
| Thermodynamics | Branch of physics that focuses on the relationship between heat and other forms of energy |
| The 2 Laws of Thermodynamics | Conservation of Energy (Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change forms), When energy is changed from one form to another, the amount of usable energy decreases because heat is also generated |
| Cells are capable of __ efficiency, so __ of energy is "lost" as heat | 40% & 60% |
| The Flow of Energy Says That... | Energy is transformed and transferred |
| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) (4 Descriptions) | The energy currency of the cell, high energy molecule, end bond is unstable (last bonded phosphate), break end bond to release usable energy for the cell |
| ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) Compared to ATP | ADP is more stable and has a lower potential energy than ATP |
| ATP ---> ADP Reaction Name & Description | Exergonic Reaction: Release energy, spontaneous reaction |
| ADP ---> ATP Reaction Name & Description | Endergonic Reaction: Requires energy input to occur |
| Free Energy | Amount of energy available to do work |
| Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis & Type of Reaction | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy →→→ C6H12O6 (glucose/carbohydrate/sugar) + 6O2: Exergonic Reaction |
| Enzymes (3 Descriptions) | Molecules that help speed up chemical reactions, most are proteins, lowers the activation energy of a reaction |
| Degradation (In Relation to Enzymes) | Substrate molecule broken down into smaller products |
| Synthesis (In Relation to Enzymes) | Substrates combined to produce a larger product |
| Activation Energy (In Relation to Enzymes) (2 Descriptions) | Energy that is needed to for molecules to react with one another, lower activation energy with the help of enzymes |
| 3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | Substrate Concentration, Temperature, & pH |
| Substrate Concentration (In Relation to Enzymes) (2 Descriptions) | Activity increases with substrate concentration, more frequent collisions between substrates and enzyme |
| Temperature (In Relation to Enzymes) (3 Descriptions) | Activity increases with temperature (to a point), warmer temperatures --> molecules move around faster --> more effective collisions, hot temperatures can denature and destroy enzymes |
| pH (In Relation to Enzymes) (2 Descriptions) | Most enzymes are optimized for a particular pH, optimal pH levels differ depending on enzymes, including where they are located (Different organs) |
| 2 Ways an Organism Can Control the Rates of Enzyme Reactions | Concentration of an enzyme (from zero to high concentration), activate or inhibit some enzymes (enzyme cofactor) |
| Enzyme Cofactor & 2 Examples | Molecule required to activate enzyme, vitamins (small compounds) & non-protein organic molecules |
| How is Enzyme Inhibition Reversible? | Inhibitor binds to enzyme and decreases activity |
| Competitive Inhibition (Reversible Process) | The substrate and the inhibitor bind in the same place |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition (Reversible Process) | Inhibitor binds elsewhere and alters active site |
| How is Enzyme Inhibition Irreversible? | Materials that break enzyme --> poisons |
| Cyanide | Inhibits enzymes required for ATP production |
| Warfarin | Inhibits an enzyme responsible for the blood clotting process (Used in rat poison and also used in medicine) |
| Metabolism (3 Descriptions) | All the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or body, reactants start a reaction, products are formed |
| Free Energy (2 Descriptions) | Amount of energy available to perform work, each molecule has a specific amount of free energy |
| Chemical Reactions Often Occur in a Sequence. Describe This. (3 Descriptions) | Products of earlier reactions become reactants for later reactions A --> B --> C , form a Metabolic Pathway, different types of enzymes are needed for each chemical reaction (A –> B enzymes are different from B --> C) |
| Substrate (And Enzymes) (3 Descriptions) | Special reactants, each reaction in a metabolic pathway requires a unique, specific enzyme, help make pathway more specific and efficient |
| Feedback Inhibition (5 Descriptions) | A type of reversible enzyme inhibition, a way to turn off a metabolic pathway, final product in pathway binds to first enzyme, enzyme can no longer bind substrate and pathway is "shut off" |
| Energy is Associated With Electrons. ____ electrons, ____ energy. | Move |
| Oxidation - Reduction Reactions (Redox) (4 Descriptions) | Reactions that involve the gain or loss of electrons, electrons pass from one molecule to another, oxidation and reduction occur at the same time, can also apply to covalent reactions |
| How to Perform an Oxidation - Reduction Reaction (2 Descriptions) | OIL RIG --> Oxidation Is Losing, Reduction Is Gaining, example of a Redox Reaction: Na + Cl --> NaCl : Sodium has been oxidized and chlorine has been reduced / Ionic reaction |
| Oxidation is generally the _____ (2 Descriptions) | loss of H atoms, when a molecule loses a H it has lost an electron |
| Reduction is generally the ____ (2 Descriptions) | gain of H atoms, when a molecule gains a H it gains an electron |
| Covalent Reaction Example | 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O : H is oxidized and O is reduced |
| Chloroplast & Mitochondria & The Flow of Energy | Pass electrons from chemical to chemical in order to handle energy |
| Redox in Photosynthesis (3 Descriptions) | Photosynthesis is a series of redox reactions to store energy in glucose as electrons, CO2 is reduced to glucose (gains electrons, gains H), H2O is oxidized to O2 (loses electrons, loses H) |
| Redox in Cellular Respiration & Its Chemical Equation (5 Descriptions) | C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 -->-->--> CO2 + H2O + energy, is a series of redox reactions to release energy, called aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, glucose is oxidized to CO2 (loses H, loses electrons), O2 is reduced to H2O (gains electrons, gains H) |
| Photosynthesis Definition (2 Descriptions) | Transfer of solar energy into chemical energy (carbohydrate), creates food to fuel organisms and food webs across the globe |
| Chloroplast (2 Descriptions) | Location of photosynthesis, 2 membranes |
| Thylakoid | Flattened membrane sac within the chloroplast |
| Stroma | Semi-fluid interior within the chloroplast |
| 2 Steps of Photosynthesis | Light Reactions & Carbon Fixation (Calvin Cycle) |
| Light Reactions & Step-By-Step Process (4 Descriptions) | Sunlight energizes electrons in photosystems, energy from electrons pass from protein to protein in the thylakoid membrane (inside the chloroplast), splitting H2O is going to free up electrons for this process, energy finally used to make ATP and NADPH |
| Input and Output of Light Reactions | Input: Solar energy, Output: Chemical Energy |
| Carbon Fixation (Calvin Cycle) (5 Descriptions) | Requires energy (ATP & NADPH), endergonic Reaction, no light is needed, occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast, 3 Step process |
| 3 Steps of Carbon Fixation | CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and regeneration |
| CO2 Fixation (3 Descriptions) | CO2 is attached to a 5 – Carbon molecule so that it becomes a 6 – Carbon molecule, enzyme that fixes/attached CO2 is called Rubisco, 6 – Carbon molecule gets split into two 3 – C molecules |
| CO2 Reduction (2 Descriptions) | 3 – C molecule gets reduced into a different 3 – C molecule, needs energy: Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions |
| Regeneration (3 Descriptions) | 5 – C molecule at the start of the cycle must be replaced, 3 – C molecules are rearranged to make 5 – C molecules, needs energy (ATP) |
| Solar Energy (Wavelengths & Frequency) & Relation to Energy | The shorter the wavelength, the higher the energy |
| Pigments (3 Descriptions) | Molecules that absorb certain wavelengths of light, relates to absorption spectrum, wavelengths that are not absorbed get reflected |
| Chlorophyll (3 Descriptions) | Plant pigment that is very important for photosynthesis, absorbs blue and red light, doesn't absorb green light, instead it gets reflected |
| Photosystems (PS) (2 Descriptions) | Used to capture solar energy, has electron acceptor molecules and pigment complex |
| Pigment Complex (2 Descriptions) | Molecules of chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids, act as an antenna and gather light energy |
| Green Algae (2 Descriptions) | Ancestor of plants, evolved into Bryophytes |
| Bryophyte Examples | Liverworts, Hornworts, & Mosses |
| Vascular Tissue | A characteristic of plants that appeared after bryophytes |
| Bryophytes Evolved Into ____ | Ferns |
| Seeds (3 Descriptions) | A characteristic of plants that appeared after ferns and are packaged up and ready to move, made up of 3 parts: Embryo (baby plant), Food source, Protective covering (seed coat), benefit of seeds --> Higher survival rate of offspring |
| Ferns Evolved Into ____ | Gymnosperms |
| Flowers (5 Descriptions) | A characteristic of plants that appeared after gymnosperms, reproductive organ of plants, help attract pollinators to spread gametes (genes), effective way to move genes, A LOT of new species |
| Pollination (2 Descriptions) | Movement of male gametes (pollen) to female gametes (ovules) in plants, can be assisted by animals (birds, bats, insects, mammals) |
| Inflorescence | An arrangement of flowers (Like a daisy/multiple flowers in one) |
| Fruits (2 Descriptions) | The fertilized flower matures into a fruit, protects seeds and aids in movement of seeds |
| Angiosperms | Flowering plants that evolved from gymnosperms |
| Vascular System (3 Descriptions) | Network of conducting tissues that connects together all organs to transport H2O, minerals, nutrients, sugars, and signaling molecules throughout the plant, H2O through roots, sugars made in leaves (Photosynthesis) |
| 2 Benefits of Vascular System to Plants | More efficient transport, allows plants to be taller and live in drier environments |
| Xylem Vessel | Transports H2O throughout the plant |
| Phloem Vessel | Transports sugars throughout the plant |
| Cellular Respiration (3 Descriptions) | Process of breaking down nutrient molecules (glucose) to acquire energy (ATP), how the majority of life on Earth gets energy (ATP), including humans, super important process for living organisms |
| Cellular Respiration Chemical Formula | C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) --> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + ATP energy |
| Coenzymes/Electron Carriers (3 Descriptions) | Cellular respiration involves many metabolic reactions each with its own enzyme, many enzymes have a coenzyme that help move electrons, help with redox reactions: NADH & FADH2 |
| NADH Carries & Moves ___ | 2 electrons and 1 H+ |
| Mitochondria Structure (4 Parts) | Outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix |
| 4 Steps of Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis, preparatory reactions (pyruvate oxidation), citric acid cycle (krebs cycle), electron transport chain & chemiosmosis (ETC) |
| Glycolysis and Its Process (5 Descriptions) | Split glucose, occurs in the cytoplasm, overall process: Glucose (6 C) split into 2 pyruvate (3 C), series of 10 steps: Metabolic pathway, energy transferred: Glucose --> 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
| Inputs and Outputs of Glycolysis | Inputs: 1 Glucose (6 C) and 2 ATP, Outputs: 2 pyruvate (3 C), 2 NADH, and 4 (2 are used, so actually produces 2) ATP |
| Preparatory Reactions (Pyruvate Oxidation) & Its Process (3 Descriptions) | Move to mitochondria, pyruvate (3 C) gets oxidized to form Acetyl CoA (2 C), moves process from cytoplasm into the mitochondria |
| Inputs and Outputs of Preparatory Reactions (Pyruvate Oxidation) | Inputs: 2 pyruvate (3 C), Outputs: 2 Acetyl CoA (2 C), 2 CO2, and 2 NADH |
| Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) and Its Process (4 Descriptions) | Pull energy off carbon skeletons, cyclical metabolic pathway, start cycle with Acetyl CoA entering the mitochondria, energy (electrons) are harvested from C-C bonds |
| Inputs and Outputs of Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) | Inputs: 2 Acetyl CoA (2 C), Outputs: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2FADH2, and 2 ATP |
| Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis (ETC) and Its Process (Occurs in the Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria) (6 Descriptions) | ATP generation, electron carriers bring electrons to ETC, electrons pass from protein to protein in the chain, as they move, H+ get pumped into intermembrane space, O2 is the final electron acceptor: O2 reduced to H2O, Without O2, ETC stops |
| Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis (ETC) Inputs and Outputs | Inputs: 6 O2, 2 FADH2, and 10 NADH, Outputs: 6 H2O and 32-34 ATP |
| Chemiosmosis (2 Descriptions) | High H+ in intermembrane space causing H+ to move into mitochondria through a special protein (ATP synthase), ATP synthase makes a lot of ATP |
| Aerobic Respiration Energy Yield (# ATP Generated From 1 Glucose Molecule in 4 Steps of Cellular Respiration) | Energy yield (net) from 1 glucose molecule: Glycolysis: 2 ATP molecules generated, Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP molecules generated, ETC & Chemiosmosis: 32 to 34 ATP molecules generated, Total: 36 to 38 ATP molecules generated from 1 molecule of glucose |
| Efficiency of Aerobic Respiration | Glucose (686 kcal) --> 36 ATP (263 kcal) : Efficiency = 39% : Remainder of energy is lost as heat |
| Fermentation | An anaerobic process that produces a limited amount of ATP without O (2 step process) |
| 2 Steps of Fermentation | Glycolysis (Same process that happened with aerobic cellular respiration) & Reduction of pyruvate |
| Outputs of Glycolysis in Fermentation | 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate (3 - C) |
| Outputs After the Reduction of Pyruvate in Fermentation | 2 lactate (3 – C): animals & bacteria OR 2 alcohol (2 – C) and 2 CO2: plants & fungi |
| Inputs & Outputs of Fermentation | Inputs: 1 glucose (6 C), Outputs: 2 lactate or 2 alcohol & 2 CO2, 2 ATP |
| 3 Advantages of Fermentation | Quick burst of ATP energy (ATP per glucose), works when oxygen is absent, remove excess pyruvate |
| 2 Disadvantages of Fermentation | Low yield of ATP per glucose: 2 in fermentation vs 36-38 in aerobic respiration, toxic biproducts --> Lactate: If it builds up, lactic acidosis can occur (lowering of blood pH) and Alcohol |
| Aerobic Definition | Chemical reaction that requires O |
| Anaerobic Definition | Chemical reaction that occurs in the absence of O |
| 6 Basic Characteristics of an Animal | Multicellular, heterotrophs, no cell walls, are mobile, unique tissues (muscles and nerves), symmetry |
| Heterotroph Definition | Must gain energy through ingestion |
| 2 Types of Symmetry in Animals | Radial: Sea stars (Can cut in multiple different ways and still be symmetrical), Bilateral: Crabs (Can only cut one way to be symmetrical) |
| Invertebrate (2 Descriptions) | Animal without a backbone or spine (4 groups), very diverse: 97% of animals are invertebrates |
| 4 Groups of Invertebrates | Cnidarians, Mollusks, Worms, & Arthropods |
| Cnidarian Examples & Tissue Layers | Jellyfish, anemone, corals, hydra, Two main tissue layers --> Outer layer: Protection, Inner layer: Secretes digestive juices |
| Mollusk Examples & Structure | Snails (and slugs), bivalves, and cephalopods, more defined organs |
| Worm Examples | Flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms |
| Arthropod Examples & Structure | Arachnids, insects, and crustaceans, exoskeleton: protective outer layer, muscle attachment |
| Chordates Structure & Examples | Have notochords, pharyngeal pouches/slits, craniums, and endoskeletons: cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals |
| Notochord Definition | Supporting, internal rod in back of organism |
| Ecology Definition | Interactions of living organisms with one another and their physical environment |
| Autotrophs (Producers) Definition | Organisms that create their own food (Plants) |
| Heterotrophs (Consumers) Definition | Organisms that eat other organisms for food (Animals) |
| Trophic Level Definition | Feeding level within a food chain |
| Food Web Definition | Various interconnecting paths of energy flowing in an ecosystem |
| Detritus Definition | Dead material |
| Energy is ____ throughout many processes | lost (through death, cellular respiration, defecation, etc.) |
| Ecological Pyramid Definition & Structure | The depiction of the flow of energy with large losses in successive steps, Autotrophs (Pyramid base) --> Herbivores (Eat plants) --> Carnivores (Eat heterotrophs) --> Top Carnivores |
| All of the world's green organisms create ____ to ____ of sugar each year | 100 to 200 billion metric tons |
| Earth ended up with many different species on Earth because of _______ | Organisms' ability to adapt to various environments |
| Niche Definition (4 Descriptions) and 1 Example | The role an organism plays in a community, physical and environmental conditions it requires, example: temperature, interactions with other species |
| Competition Definition | Relationship between organisms for the same resources (Food, habitat, etc.) in the same place |
| Competitive Exclusion Principle | 2 species cannot occupy the same niche in the same time and place |
Created by:
AnaHuls