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Crime mapping #4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most common meds blunt force death | Automobile,crushing,blunt objects(bludgeoning),falls |
| Characteristics of blunt force trauma | Abrasions (roll over injuries), bruising (contusion ) COME BACK TO THIS |
| Abrasion | When you have an injury an it nurse the first liar of the skin (epidermis) an example of this sis rol over injuries |
| What is another example for bruising | Contusion |
| Nature of the contusion | There will be considerable hemorrhage into the surrounding aft tissues of the primary impact site therefore generating a contusion |
| How can contusions be present | Contusions can be present in different patterns some will be discernible and easily match he objects others will not |
| Contusions | Brusiese that occur as a result of blun force trauma to an area of the body that causes the ruptured blood vessels and the seepage of blood int the surrounding tissue |
| Contusions color changing timeline | Red - immediate Blue/purple - 1-4 hrs Green - 4-7 days Yellow 7-10 days Normal 14-21 days |
| Raccoon eyes | Indicator that there is some kind of Basal skull fractures |
| stationary impact trauma | When the inertia of the body comes into impact with a fixed object many of these type of cases are motor vehicles |
| Pattern impact trauma | This type of trauma usually leaves a pattern of the object behind for example with a hammer is a pattern impact or even like tile floor. |
| Laceration | Deep cuts to tear the flesh |
| What is the most common type f insults encountered in cases of homicides | Besides gunfire it would be sharp force trauma |
| How is a sharp force injury defined | Clean edges, no bruising( ecchymoses) no tissue bridging |
| three types of sharp force injuries | Cut,hesitation marks ,stab wounds, puncture wound |
| Injury characteristics | Cues,stabs,punctures |
| cuts | Tend to be longer than deep |
| Stabs | Tend to be deeper than longer |
| Punctures | May imitates the appearance of GSW’s |
| Many times sharp force homicide are crimes of what | Passion |
| When in doubt leave the object where | In place |
| Would it be best to transport the body with the object still in place | Yes |
| Is it best try an remove the object first or take xrays | Take an x-ray first |
| What are the two major sources of information when it come to drug related deaths | The body COME BACK TO THIS |
| What evidence does the body hold (cocaine) | Wasted apperance , Long nails (snorting) injection sites (fresh) skin popping (old) needle tracks and granulomas,erod nasal septum w/ nose bleeds, burned fingertips & lips (crack), singed hair or eyebrows |
| What does evidence he body hold (heroin) | Wasted apperance,frothy edema cone (nose & mouth),blood issuing form nose &/or mouth,multiple complex tattoos in the ACF’s,ulcerated skin popping lesions,railroad racks and granulomas |
| What evidence does the body hold (alcohol) | Grossly wasted appearance, thin & drawn in appearance,lower extremities appear disproportionately small distended ridged abdomen,bruises an abrasions over multiple surfaces, blood issuing from nose& mouth, many times covered in blood |
| What evidence does the scene hold(cocaine) | White/light yellow powdery substance, white/ light yellow “rocks”,small insulin syrigines, mirrors w/powdery residue,razor blades w/ powerdy residue “nose spoons”, opaque or semi opaque vials,multi colored or clear mini bags scales,cuttting materials |
| What evidence does the scene hold (heroin) | Syringes,tourniquets,cooking(burnt spoons,crushed cans,lighters,saline,cotton balls,tan/brown powder,opaque vials,mini bags,lack of food available food stuffs,location Jared by multiple subjects,dirty house |
| What evidence does the scene hold (alcohol) | Alcohol containers,empty and full,bloody stool or vomitus in toilet, lack of food, hoaridning alcohol, hidden alcohol,AA literature |
| What is the Benjamin Franklin quote | Nine men in ten are would be suicides |
| Why do people take their lives | Relationships,finances ,work,depression,anxiety,health problems, psychosis,making a statement,religious reasons, |
| Why are suicides the most difficult cases to investigate | Sometime no motive is present,done in private,social stigma attached,family denies,family seeks their solutions |
| How do hey take their lives | Firearms,hanging ,overdose,falls,fumes, |
| In death investigation what is sour working premise | Every death is a |
| Prelude | The process that lead directly ip to and into the problem behavior |
| Incident | The immediate event or problematic behavior |
| Aftermath | What happens after of as a result of the incident |
| Nature of the problem | This will primarily be qualitative and can be gathered through reading police report narrative an talking to police officers ,place managers, offenders, an victim |
| Why does the analyst use the problem analysis triangle | To hypothesize about the offenders,place, an targets / victims as well as how the lack of control by handlers ,managers , and guardians help to facilitate the problems |
| Why does analyst use the pop guides | To develop relevant hypotheses based on findings from research an other problem solving efforts |
| Onxe the hypotheses is developed what happens next | The analysts collects an examines relevant primary an secondary data to determine in the hypotheses are supported |
| what is the goal of the problem solving process | Tailor crime prevention responses based on what is happening not on what people hypothesize is happening |
| When hypotheses are developed what do they guide | The analysis process |
| What can frequency be used for | it can be used to indicate whether activity should be considered a problem at all (scanning), how the problem compares to others (analysis), the amount of resources allocated for crime prevention measures (response), and whether the response was effective |
| What is frequency techniques used for | are used to count and compare any number of characteristics dictated by the nature of a problem, such as property taken, types of places victimized, addresses where the problem occurred, and so on |
| How do you determine frequency | Count an percentage |
| How do analysts categorize frequency | Sort the categories in descending frequency by highest count |
| What do analyst use to display data | Bar or line chart |
| How can frequency be misleading | Different types of activity are represented in the more general category |
| When are pie charts used | Used for pecentages |
| Rate how is it used | allow the analyst to compare frequency of incidents for dissimilar areas and locations. |
| Analysts compute rates how | for problems by using the appropriate denominator, depending on the comparisons they want to make. |
| Three rates to compare local an national problems | Crime rate,clearance rate,recovery rate |
| Crime rate | The number of reported crimes in an area divided by the number of people living in the area |
| How are crimes cleared | Arrest an by exceptional means |
| Recovery rate | which is the percentage of vehicles that have been stolen in a jurisdiction and subsequently recovered (i.e., found) anywhere. It is also reported as a percentage. |
| How do mean an standard deviation help | help estimate the central tendency of the values, they can be used to determine whether a particular count or rate is normal or unusual. |
| What can be computed | Percentages , rates, an averages according to temporal variables such as year moth an week in order to see if the problem has changed over time |
| By year | crime statistics collected on a national level and by local police agencies are tabulated by year, allowing analysts to make comparisons to previous years and across jurisdictions. |
| By month or quarterly | study statistics by quarter when the values by month are too small to make meaningful conclusions. Analysts use the techniques described here when examining data for both month and quarter. |
| Linear trend line | is created by a statistical equation (linear regression), which produces a line that best estimates the direction of the month-to-month figures and is most often used in crime analysis. |
| Percent of change | can also be used to examine the amount of relative increase or decrease in a problem between two time periods. |
| When is percentage of change helpful | helpful in the assessment step when examining the level of a problem before and after a response. |
| Anticipatory benefit | During the assessment step when crime analysts examine whether there has been a decrease in the problem, they also must be aware |
| Why is crime reduction best done before hand | may occur before a strategy is implemented because the work being done before implementation may actually change offenders’ perceptions of risk and victims’ awareness. |
| When is the problem happening | Most problems are not distributed equally across time |
| What do tactical crime analysts look for | may occur before a strategy is implemented because the work being done before implementation may actually change offenders’ perceptions of risk and victims’ awareness. |
| Seasonality | the crime analyst examines several years of data on a problem to determine if there seems to be a similar pattern across years |
| What is the best way to use crime mapping | assessment is to compare similarly constructed maps before and after the response. |
| When talking about long term issues where should one start | The analyst should start at the lowest level (points) and work upward (areas) to avoid overlooking low-level clusters of a particular problem |
| Why use 80/20 | principle to identify problem locations where the problem has concentrated in order to guide police in prioritizing where their responses should be implemented. |
| Whats the 80% for an the 20% for | 80% (number of repeat offenses) of some kinds of outcomes are the results of only 20% (number of repeat victims or targets) of the related causes. The numbers 80 and 20 in the name of this “rule” are meant only to represent “large” and “small” amounts; |
| Two key types of data used for 80/20 | Nunber an percentage of offenses that occurred by address an the second is the number of addresses that have suffered multiple offenses |
| What would be produced for an individual problem location | Read the relevant pop center problem specific guide , citizen generated calls for service analysis,officer generated falls for service analysis , crime an arrestbanalusis , qualitative analysis, conclusion |
| Resd the relevant pop center problem specific guide | each guide summarizes knowledge, research, and practice about the problem activity and how police can reduce the harm caused by specific crime and disorder problems. This information would be used to provide introductory information about the reader as we |
| Citizen generated calls for sevice analysis | Frequency and percentage of types of calls at the location—table Frequency of calls by month (or by 4-week period)—line chart Time of day/day of week analysis for all calls—surface chart Time of day/day of week for selected calls (those that are concernin |
| Officer er generated calls for service analysis | Frequency and percentage of types of calls at the location—table Frequency of calls by month (or by 4-week period)—line chart Time of day/day of week analysis for all calls—surface chart Frequency and percentage of disposition of the calls—table or pie ch |
| Crime arrest analysis | Frequency and percentage of crime types—table Frequency of crime as well as most relevant crimes by month (or by 4-week period)—line chart Frequency of arrests occurring the location by month—line chart Frequency and percentage of types of arrests occurri |
| Qualitative analysis | History of the location’s relationship with city, county, state, and federal government (i.e., licenses, code enforcement violations, taxes, etc.) Specific information about key individuals, such as owners, managers, renters Characteristics of other indiv |
| Conclusion | Foreachsectionofanalysis,itisnotenoughtosimplyprovidethestatistics,tables,and charts, but the crime analyst should make conclusions based on the analysis and on the POP guides to assist in the development of responses |
| How can 80/20 be used | Used go identify too areas in a jurisdiction without using a crime mapping program |
| Manual method | eyeball” method using point data; this is also the most often used method in crime analysis and policing. |
| How can people aggregate incidents | Street segments an area to determine manual problem areas but need to be aware of the problem depending on the analysis |
| Graduated color mapping | allow analysts to examine more incidents by aggregating them by area. allow analysts to map census information, such as population and income, along with crime analysis data, as census variables are available only by area (e.g., census blocks, census bloc |
| What do analysts need to be aware of wen using graduate color maps | Areas not equal size, problems can occur along the border of that area so hot spots can be distorted |
| Ellipses | 1 An ellipse is a closed curve that is formed from two foci or points in which the sum of the distances from any point on the curve to the two foci is a constant. |
| What does a ellipse look like | has two foci, allowing it to accommodate the area of a hot spot both horizontally and vertically. |
| Why do analysts use ellipses | to determine problem areas or geographic concentrations of activity in data distributions |
| Density map | method of determining problem areas, analysts identify problem areas by examining graduated-color maps that depict concentrations of activity using the exact locations of the incidents |
| Graduated map vs density map | density mapping does not limit the analyst to examination of predetermined areas; rather, in density maps “the flow of hotspots mimics the underlying crime patterns and often follows urban geographic features that are known to police officers and other us |
| What does density maps create | areas that have vague boundaries because of the shading, which makes determining which incidents are occurring inside the problem area difficult over time |
| What does lighting does strike twice mean | that is, individuals and targets that are victimized once are likely to be victimized again |
| What are the 2 questions asked when examining victimatizon in a problem | The first is to determine who the victims are, and the second is to determine whether repeat victimization exists. |
| How can analysts find repeated victimazation | victim characteristics is by conducting cross-tabulations of particular data |
| there are two ways a crime analyst analyzes offender information. | is understanding who the offenders are of the particular problem, such as assaults at problem bars or burglaries in residential neighborhoods. The second is to identify a prioritized list of “problem offenders” by frequency or seriousness of their arrests |
| Cross tabulation | can be computed using police arrest data on the age, race, and sex of the offenders, and an 80/20 analysis can also be done on the individual offenders ( |
| Criminal resume | a comprehensive document that takes a crime analyst a significant amount of time to put together |
| the analyst must consider evidence about each of the components of the problem analysis triangle: | victims, offenders, place, time, guardians, handlers, and managers. |
| describe three types of facilitators: | Physical social an chemical |
| Physical facilitators | Things go augment offender capabilities or help to overcome prevention measures Some physical facilitators are tools, but others are part of the physical environment |
| Social facilitators | Stimulaye crime or disorder by enhancing rewards from crime legitimating excuses to offend or by encouraging offending. Gangs and organized criminal networks facilitate criminal activity by their members. |
| Chemical facilitators | increase offenders’ abilities to ignore risks or moral prohibitions |
Created by:
MyMy2901