Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
psych chap 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| reflexes | inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli |
| behavior | actions or internal processes - emotions, thoughts, physiological responses |
| instincts | inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli; also known as fixed action pattern |
| learning | relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to experience - change in behavior |
| associative learning | formation of associations, or connections among stimuli and behaviors |
| classical conditioning | type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time |
| operant conditioning | type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes |
| non-associative learning | learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli |
| habituation | simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli, that are unchanging and harmless, decrease |
| sensitization | increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus |
| observational learning | learning that occurs when one organism watches the actions of another organism - social learning or modeling |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | stimulus that elicits a response without prior experience |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning |
| conditioned response(CR) | response learned through classical conditioning |
| unconditioned response | response to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience |
| acquisition | development of a learned response |
| extinction | reduction of a learned response |
| spontaneous recovery | during extinction training, the appearance of conditioned response(CR) after periods of rest |
| inhibition | feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus(CR) predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus(UCS) |
| generalization | tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus(CR) |
| discrimination | unfair behavior based on stereotyping and prejudice |
| high-order conditioning | learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus(CS) also elicit conditioned responses(CR) |
| latent inhibition | slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus(CS) is already familiar compared to when the CS is familiar |
| aversion therapy | application of counter conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus(CS) formerly paired with a pleasurable unconditioned stimulus(UCS) is paired with an unpleasant UCS |
| systematic desensitization | type of counter conditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear |
| prejudice | negative attitude about a group of people |
| conditioned reinforcement | reinforcer that gains value form being associated with other things that are valued; also known as a secondary reinforcer |
| negative reinforcement | method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence |
| punishment | consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior |
| positive punishment | consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversion stimulus |
| negative punishment | method for reducing behavior by removing something desirable whenever the target behavior occurs |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others |
| fixed ratio (FR) schedule | schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors |
| variable ratio(VR) schedule | schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviors |
| Fixed interval(FI) schedule | schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a specified interval is reinforced |
| Variable interval(VI) schedule | schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a varying period is reinforced |
| partial reinforcement effect in extinction | more rapid extinction observed following continuous reinforcement compared to that following partial reinforcement |
| method of successive approximations | method for increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur - also known as shaping |
| latent learning | learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement |
| token economy | application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors |
| imitation | copying behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously |
Created by:
Grace.Jensen