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NUTRI DENT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| are essential elements that are needed in small amounts to maintain health and function and must be supplied by the diet. | Minerals |
| are those needed in larger amounts (100mg/day or more) and include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and chloride. | Macrominerals |
| are needed in smaller amounts (no more than a few milligrams a day). These include iron, zinc, cobalt, and manganese. | Trace elements or microminerals |
| that may have health effects are aluminum, arsenic, boron, bromine, cadmium, chromium, fluorine, germanium, iodine, lead, lithium, molybdenum, nickel, rubidium, selenium, silicon, tin, and vanadium. – are considered toxic. | ultratrace elements |
| is about 60% inorganic (minerals), 25% organic (collagen), 15% water, and traces of proteins and mucopolysaccharides, | Bone |
| may also play roles in bone development. (b&m) | Boron and manganese |
| is a dynamic organ system that undergoes continuous modeling (new bone formation) and remodeling (resportion and reformation of the bone). | Bone |
| The mineralization of__is most likely similar to that of bone. | cementum and dentin |
| Calcification of enamel differs from bone, cementum, and dentin. | TEETH |
| The mineral content of enamel is closer to % | 95-97%, |
| Steps in the mineralization of teeth: (7) | Ameloblasts release calcium and phosphate. They form an amorphous mass. Calcium and phosphate are organized by the matrix. Nucleation occurs. Crystalites grow into ribbons. Ribbons coalesce to crystals. Fluid is displaced as the crystals grow. |
| is the most abundant mineral in the body. Of the approximately 1200 g present in the adult, 99% is located in the skeleton. | Calcium |
| Deficiency Osteoporosis Rickets Bone fragility | CALCIUM |
| Deficiency: ORAL Incomplete calcification of teeth Tooth mobility Premature loss of teeth | CALCIUM |
| About 85% __is located in bones and teeth. is part of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). | PHOSPHORUS |
| Deficiency (Hypophosphatemia) | PHOSPHORUS |
| Deficiency: ORAL Incomplete calcification of teeth Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Potential for compromised alveolar bone integrity | PHOSPHORUS |
| plays a major role in bone and mineral physiology | MAGNESIUM |
| Deficiency can occur with prolonged vomiting, severe mal- absorption, kidney disease, intestinal surgery, cirrhosis of the liver, | MAGNESIUM |
| Deficiency: ORAL | Alveolar bone fragility Gingival hypertrophy |
| is a natural element found at varying concentrations in all drinking water as well as in soil. | FLUORIDE |
| Deficiency: ORAL Increased risk for caries Tooth mottling, Enamel hypoplasia | FLUORIDE |
| Optimal range of concentration of fluoride in drinking water without fluorosis: PPM? | 0.7-1.2 ppm |
| Fluoride level that causes fluorosis: | 2.4 ppm |
| Recommended daily dose of fluoride from BIRTH to 24 months: | 1⁄4 mg |
| Recommended daily dose of fluoride for 2 to 3 years old: | 1⁄2 mg |
| Recommended daily dose of fluoride from 3 to 12 years: | 1 mg |
| Reduces the risk and prevalence of dental caries and helps to increase bone density: | Fluoride |
| Deficiency can occur with prolonged vomiting, severe mal- absorption, kidney disease, intestinal surgery, cirrhosis of the liver, and excessive use of over-the-counter and | Magnesium |
| Its excess can cause changes in the hormonal control system that regulates calcium, calcification of the kidney, increased porosity of the skeleton and reduced calcium absorption: | Phosphorus |
| Its excess can cause tooth mottling and enamel hypoplasia: | Fluoride |
| It is the most abundant mineral in the body. Of the approximately 1200 g present in the adult, 99% is located in the skeleton: | Calcium |
| Deficiency Rare, occurs with excessive perspiration. Causes exhaustion. | SODIUM |
| Functions Water balance Acid-based balance Nervous stimulation Muscle contraction Facilitates nutritional absorption | SODIUM |
| Functions Protein and glycogen synthesis Maintenance of fluid PH Transmit nerve impulse Muscle contraction | POTASSIUM |
| Deficiency Starvation diuretic therapy-nausea Listlessness Decreased peristalsis | POTASSIUM |
| exists as ion in chloride. Found mostly in extra-cellular fluid. Also in bone, connective tissue, muscle and nerve. | CHLORIDE |
| Functions Regulate electrolyte balance Major anion of gastric juice Needed for lung function | CHLORIDE |
| Deficiency Rare associated with sodium losses Deficiency in infant formulas causes metabolic acidosis Potassium loss Psychomotor defects Growth retardation | CHLORIDE |
| Deficiency Anemia (common in infants, children, young women)-shortness of breath, pallor, headache, dizziness, fatigue Increased heart rate Impaired psychomotor development Changes in behavior; decreased immunity | IRON |
| Oral Implications Deficiency leads to: angular cheilosis Pallor of lips and oral mucosa Sore burning tongue Atrophy/ denudation of filiform papillae Glossitis Increase risk of candidiasis | IRON |
| Sexual maturation Maintaining vitamin A levels Component of 50 metalloenzymes Wound healing | ZINC |
| Deficiency Growth retardation Altered taste Impaired immunity Decreased wound healing Hair loss Skin lesions Impaired reproductive ability Skeletal abnormalities | ZINC |
| Oral Implications Loss of tongue sensation; delayed wound healing Atrophic oral mucosa Xerostomia Increased susceptibility to periodontal disease and candidiasis | ZINC |
| Forms thryroxine for energy metabolism | IODINE |
| Deficiency Endemic goiter Decreased thyroid hormone production Hypothyroidism Decreased metabolic rate Excess Toxicity rare. Hyperthyroidism | IODINE |
| Present in all cells, especially kidney, liver, pancreas; considered an antioxidant nutrient. | SELENIUM |
| Signs similar to vitamin E deficiency: muscle weakness, joint discomfort, and disorders of the heart muscle or pancreas. VEGANS ARE AT RISK | SELENIUM |
| Incidence of decayed, missing, and filled teeth is higher in children living in areas | SELENIUM |
| Present in all proteins in the body. In connective tissue, skin, hair, and nails. Inorganic sulfates and sulfides and in B-complex vitamins (thiamin and biotin), and coenzyme A. | SULFUR |
| Found throughout the body: largest concentration in liver, brain, heart, and kidneys. | COPPER |
| Deficiency may result from increase zinc or vit. C or antacids. Causes decreased RBC formation; anemia; tissue fragility; bone demineralization; CNS disorders; diminished skin pigmentation. | COPPER |
| Oral Implications Deficiency leads to: decrease trabeculae of alveolar bone; decreased tissue vascularity; increase tissue fragility. | COPPER |
| Found in all cells, mostly in the mitochondria. Of the organs, highest concentrations are in the pancreas, bone, and liver. | MANGANESE |
| superoxide dismutase (SOD). | MANGANESE |
| Toxicity seen in miners who inhaled excess. Advanced symptoms resembled Parkinson’s disease or viral encephalitis: e.g., speech impairment, headaches, leg cramps, and asthenia (loss of strength) | MANGANESE |
| Adult body contains about 5 mg of __ Highest concentrations in muscle, fat, and skin. | CHROMIUM |
| highly refined food selections; or long-term malabsorption or those on parenteral (intravenous) nutrition. | CHROMIUM |
| Adult body has small amounts. Highest concentrations in the liver, adrenal glands, and kidneys. Widely distributed in the environment. | MOLYBDENUM |
| Red colored pigment. | COBALT |
| Not shown in humans. In animals deficiency produces the emaciation and wasting resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency. | COBALT |
| are the most abundant electrolytes in the body. SPC | Sodium, potassium, and chloride |
| has the highest INTRAcellular fluid concentration | Potassium |
| has the highest EXTRAcellular fluid concentration | Chloride |
| Muscle myoglobin; carries oxygen to cells; oxidizing enzymes for release of energy: | Iron |
| Deficiency in infant formulas causes metabolic acidosis; potassium loss; psychomotor defects; growth retardation: | Chloride |
| Antioxidant and free radical scavenger: | Selenium |
| Forms thryroxine for energy metabolism: | Iodine |
| Can increase urinary copper loss and increase blood and urine uric acid levels leading to a gout-like condition: | Molybdenum |
| is the perception of dry mouth and may or may not be associated with actual hyposalivation. | XEROSTOMIA |
| The alteration may be a decreased sensitivity in taste perception | (hypogeusia), |
| a total loss in the ability to taste | (ageusia), |
| an unpleasant or altered taste sensation | (dysgeusia). |
| describes a more diffuse mucosal reaction with or without ulceration, | Mucositis |
| refers to inflammation of the tongue. | glossitis |
| Drugs that cause xerostomia can also interfere with a patient’s ability to swallow. | DYSPHAGIA |
| Enlargement and overgrowth of the gingiva was originally recognized in patients using phenytoin and more recently with the calcium channel blocker | GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA |
| The maximum dose of NSAIDs is | 3600mg per day |
| is used to treat gran mal siezures | Phenytoin |
| is the most common ca blocker that causes gingival hyperplasia | Nifedipine |
| is the first drug of choice as anti-arrhythmia | Quinidine |
| is stored in dentin and enamel because it chelates/binds with calcium therefore causes staining | Tetracycline |
| Refers to inflammation of the tongue: | Glossitis |
| The most frequent, undesirable effect of medications. This is caused by medications such as anticholinergics, centrally-acting antihypertensives, antihistamines, antipsychotics: | Xerostomia |
| Difficulty in swallowing: | Dysphagia |
| Unpleasant or altered taste sensation: | (dysgeusia). |
| The total loss in the ability to taste: | Ageusia |
| Decreased sensitivity in taste perception: | (hypogeusia), |
| is a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant. | barbiturate |
| are used as antihypertensive drugs, i.e., as medications to decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension | Calcium channel blockers |
| are a class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone density, used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases. They are the most commonly prescribed drugs used to treat osteoporosis. | Bisphosphonates |
| is imperative during pregnancy as nutrition is an important factor in the health, growth, and development of the mother and the fetus. | Adequate nutrition |
| is defined as increases in cell size caused by processes of cell multiplication involving hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and accretion occurring in set patterns. | Physical growth |
| is defined as having healthy teeth as well as ‘‘being free of chronic oral-facial pain conditions, oral and pharyngeal (throat) cancers, oral soft tissue lesions, birth defects such as cleft lip and palate, | Oral Health, |
| is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs. | Nutrition |
| disorders that affect the oral, dental, and craniofacial tissues, collectively known as the | craniofacial complex |
| refers to what we eat and drink and has a local effect on the oral cavity. | Diet |
| is essential for the development and maintenance of healthy teeth and soft tissue which in turn are needed to consume a varied and healthy diet throughout life. | nutritious diet |
| (ECC) | Early childhood caries |
| found in infants and children in developing countries are associated with malnutrition or undernutrition during the perinatal period. | Early childhood caries (ECC) and hypoplasia |
| Normal BMI of 18.5–24.9 is between | 25 to 35 pounds |
| BMI of less than 18.5 has a desirable weight gain of | 28–40 pounds |
| An overweight woman (BMI 25–29.9) a desirable weight gain of | 15–25 pounds, |
| An obese woman (BMI 30.0) should gain between | 11–20 pounds. |
| Deficiency of this vitamin can cause decreased epithelial tissue development, Tooth morphogenesis dysfunction, Decreased odontoblast differentiation and Increased enamel hypoplasia: | Vitamin A |
| The deficiency of this nutrient can cause lowered plasma calcium and hypoplastic defects: | Calcium, Vitamin D and Phosphorus |
| Causes Stability of enamel crystal (enamel formation), inhibition of demineralization and stimulation of remineralization: | Fluoride |
| is a disorder characterized by high levels of serum (blood) glucose (hyperglycemia) resulting from insulin resistance by the body cells, impaired insulin secretion by the pancreas, and/or increased hepatic glucose production. | DIABETES MELLITUS |
| There are several types of diabetes including | type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and others associated with genetic syndromes, drugs, illness, etc. |
| The most common types of diabetes mellitus are | type I and type 2. |
| is also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes. are diagnosed by age 20, with peak incidence between ages 10 and 14. | Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus |
| Type I diabetics are likely to exhibit the classic symptoms of diabetes often referred to as the 3 Ps: | polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive appetite), polyuria (excessive urination), |
| was previously referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult onset diabetes. | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| develops in 2-5% of all pregnancies, typically in the second or third trimester. This type of diabetes usually resolves after the birth, but nearly 40% of women | Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) |
| Hypoglycemia is diagnosed when blood glucose is less than | 70 mg/dl, |
| have a higher prevalence and severity of periodontal disease than nondiabetics. | type 2 diabetic patients |
| is defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or greater, and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or greater, | Hypertension |
| results when atherosclerosis (characterized by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the artery walls) results in narrowing of arteries and restricted blood flow to all tissues. | CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) |
| more commonly called high serum cholesterol, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke. increased levels of lipids in the blood | HYPERLIPIDEMIA |
| is a crippling and debilitating chronic bone disease, which is potentially preventable. | OSTEOPOROSIS |
| It is also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes: | Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus |
| It was previously referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult onset diabetes: | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| It develops in 2-5% of all pregnancies, typically in the second or third trimester.: | Gestational Diabetes Mellitus |
| This results in narrowing of arteries and restricted blood flow to all tissues: | Coronary heart disease |
| There is a decrease in the total amount of bone in the body, but normal bone's composition: | Osteoporosis |
| The most easily measured and most accurate predictor of fracture risk.: | Bone mineral density (BMD) |
| This test measures your blood glucose level at a single point in time: | Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test |
| Is a blood test that provides your average levels of blood glucose over the past 3 months: | the past 3 |
| Test to diagnose diabetes when diabetes symptoms are present and they do not want to wait until you have fasted: | diabetes symptoms are present |
| Foods or beverages that readily cause a drop in plaque ph to < 5.5 within 30 minutes | Acidogenic |
| Foods or beverages that contain fermentable carbohydrates that can be metabolized by oral bacteria to cause a decrease in plaque ph to < 5.5 | Cariogenic |
| Foods or beverages that can prevent cariogenic activity when eaten before an acidogenic product | Anticariogenic |
| Foods or beverages that cannot be metabolized by dental plaque bacteria within 30 minutes and do not cause a drop in salivary pH to the critical level of < 5.5 | Cariostatic |
| the hardest substance in the body, tooth enamel can be damaged only by trauma or by the effects of acid demineralization. | TOOTH ENAMEL |
| surface drops to below 5.7 to 5.5. | Demineralization, or loss of the tooth's mineral structure, begins when the pH of the enamel |
| The normal pH of the oral cavity is around | 6, |
| is a dynamic process that involves demineralization of enamel and dentin by the products of bacterial metabolism (organic acids), with alternate periods of remineralization. | Dental caries |
| In the human population, the two species of interest are | Streptococcus mutans and Streptoccus sobrinus. |
| is defined as caries occurring on the exposed root surfaces. | Root Caries |
| relating sugar to dental health, it is more appropriate to refer to | "fermentable carbohydrates, |
| must first be split into simpler sugars by amylase from saliva and plaque to be used as a food source for cariogenic bacteria. | Starch |
| Foods or beverages that cannot be metabolized by dental plaque bacteria within 30 minutes: | Cariostatic |
| Foods or beverages that contain fermentable carbohydrates that can be metabolized by oral bacteria to cause a decrease in plaque ph to < 5.5: | Cariogenic |
| Foods or beverages that can prevent cariogenic activity when eaten before an acidogenic product: | Anticariogenic |
| Foods or beverages that readily cause a drop in plaque ph to < 5.5 within 30 minutes: | Acidogenic |
| These do not cause a drop in salivary pH to the critical level of < 5.5: | Cariostatic |
| has been commonly used for food cariogenicity testing since it has relatively similar caries patterns to humans, | rat model |
| first described this methodology, the typical plaque pH response to fermentable carbohydrate is termed the | Stephan curve. (1940) |
| The different techniques used to measure the plaque pH, the absolute values of the resting pH, minimum pH, and time to return to resting value, are termed | acidogenicity tests. |
| The Swiss may label any food as | "zahnschonend" (safe for teeth) |
| have been identified in foods that may protect against or reduce the rate of demineralization of tooth enamel. | phytate and fiber |
| is an essential nutrient often overlooked in discussions of diet and caries, | Water |
| contains supersaturated concentrations of calcium and phosphate relative to hydroxyapatite, the tooth mineral. | Saliva |
| decay. Sugar- free gum is usually sweetened with a mixture of sugar alcohols and intense sweeteners, such as | aspartame. |
| may decrease caries by inhibiting bacterial colonization. | Salivary immunoglobulins |
| Antibacterial substances secreted in saliva are: | lysozymes, immunoglobulins and peroxidase, lactoferrin, secretory IgA. |
| is the best substitute for sucrose. | Xylitol |
| provides protein, calcium and phosphorus | Milk |
| Carious enamel may take up to __more fluoride than adjacent sound enamel. | ten times |
| covers the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and all exposed body surfaces. | Epithelium |
| is the protein involved in forming the matrix of the dentin, cementum, alveolar bone, and the periodontal ligament. | Collagen |
| is a component of collagen and accounts for about 10-15% of the total amino acids found in collagen. | Hydroxyproline |
| is a co-factor in the formation of hydroxyproline and stimulates collagen expression by fibroblasts. | Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) |
| is involved in collagen metabolism by affecting formation of the non-collagenous protein, glycosaminoglycan. | Vitamin A |
| is an essential mineral involved in cross-linking of both collagen and elastin. in tensile strength of collagen, | Copper |
| is a complex condition that results in a reduction in bone mass as a result of imbalances in bone metabolism that favor bone resorption. | Osteoporosis |
| is characterized by high content of non-polar amino acids, high content of glycine and a unique presence of hydroxyproline. | Collagen |
| The body is unable to store | Vitamin C |
| Poor healing due to improper collagen formation is generally related to | vitamin C deficiency |
| Deficiency of Zinc leads to poorer | periodontal health. |
| is a protein that exists as fibers in the extracellular spaces of many connective tissues | Elastin |
| In humans eating fibrous foods does not remove plaque from areas adjacent to the gingiva. | t |
| Nutritional deficiencies cannot alter immune competence and increase the risk and extent of oral infection. | f |
| Vitamin C enhances the migration of neutrophils to the site of infection. | t |
| Food not only nourishes the individual but also serves as the source of nutrients for bacterial plaque. | t |
| Bone formation is a dynamic process that occurs in four phases. | f |
| Zinc concentrations in the wound margin are 85-90% higher than in healthy intact skin. | f |
| Zinc levels must be kept in balance with copper and iron needs for optimal wound healing as these nutrients compete for absorption | t |
| Hydroxyproline is a component of collagen and accounts for about 10-15% of the total amino acids found in collagenq | t |
| Nutrition affects host factors such as immunological response and the integrity of the hard and soft oral tissues. | t |
| The rates of change in bone mineral density were not significant predictors of tooth loss. | f |
| have widespread functions within the body. They play a crucial role in the cell signaling process, including regulation of cell growth, proliferation, promotion of cell adhesion, anticoagulation, and wound repair. | Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), |
| is a major component of the protein collagen and plays a key role in the stability of the collagen triple helix. It can be used as an indicator to determine the amount of collagen. | Hydroxyproline |
| Is a co-factor in the formation of hydroxyproline and stimulates collagen expression by fibroblasts: | Vitamin C |
| Concentrations of this mineral increase during the formation of granulation tissue, scar formation, and re-epithelization: | Zinc |
| An essential mineral involved in cross-linking of both collagen and elastin: | Copper |
| Plays an important role in collagen and glycosaminoglycan formation: | Silicon |
| Involved in collagen metabolism by affecting formation of the non-collagenous protein, glycosaminoglycan: | Vitamin A |
| The word comes from the Greek terms peri-, meaning __and odont, meaning __ | "around the tooth". |
| means inflammation of the gums, or gingiva | Gingivitis |
| is a serious infection of the gums. It’s caused by bacteria that have been allowed to accumulate on your teeth and gums | Periodontitis |
| s a distinct and specific form of periodontal diseases. | Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) |
| s characterized by soft tissue necrosis, rapid periodontal destruction, and interproximal bone loss. Unlike other periodontal diseases, it presents substantial necrosis of gingival tissues, and loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. | Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) |
| cannot diagnose periodontitis and gingivitis | Xray (alone) |
| Emotional stress may trigger | ANUG |
| Periodontal disease is most closely associated with | actinomyces |
| The epithelial attachment heals within ?? weeks | 8 weeks following periodontal surgery |
| The three local factors most commonly associated with the etiology of periodontal diseases are the | microorganisms in the sulcus and pocket, calcular deposits and plaque and material alba. |
| Is a distinct and specific form of periodontal diseases. It has an acute clinical presentation with the distinctive characteristics of rapid onset of gingival pain, interdental gingival necrosis, and bleeding: | NUG |
| Inflammation of the gums, or gingiva. It commonly occurs because a film of plaque, or bacteria, accumulates on the teeth: | Gingivitis |
| Characterized by soft tissue necrosis, rapid periodontal destruction, and interproximal bone loss. Unlike other periodontal diseasesq | NUP |
| Presents substantial necrosis of gingival tissues, and loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone: | NUP |
| In advanced disease, the connective tissue that holds your teeth in place begins to deteriorate. The gums, bones, and other tissue that support your teeth are destroyed: | Periodontitis |
| DONT FORGET TO READ SAS 22 YOOO |
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