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GED 0011
REVIEWER M1
Term | Definition |
---|---|
SCIENCE | [knowledge from] is the careful study of the structure and behavior of the physical world |
SCIENTISTS | [natural philosophers in the ancient times] formulate stable explanations and predictions based on their observations |
TECHNOLOGY | is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, |
Greek word TEKHNE | arts or craft |
Greek word LOGIA | study or knowledge |
Antecedent | existed before or logically precedes another. |
Wheel [ancient times] | was used not for transportation but as potter’s wheel and existed around 3500 BC. |
Chariot {ancient times] | was originally based on two wheels which were attached with an animal like a horse using wood and ropes. |
Cuneiform [ancient times] | the Sumerian developed the first form of writing called “cuneiform” to maintain business records. |
Mesopotamia | an ancient region located in the eastern Mediterranean bounds and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau |
Aeolipile or Steam engine [egyptian] | was used to automate opening of temple doors by lighting a fire on the altar |
Hero of Alexandria | He invented the Aeolipile or steam engine. |
Papyrus sheets [egyptian] | earliest paper-like material |
Ox- drawn plough [egyptian] | uses the power of oxen to pull the plough revolutionized the agriculture. |
Black ink [egyptian] | was often used for writing in hieroglyphs. |
Sun clock [sundial] | calculates time to differentiate between and predict morning , afternoon, and the night. |
Mummification | o preserve the human body from decaying |
Great wall [chinese] | one of the seven famous wonders of the world, representing a series of fortifications made initially of stone, earth and later of bricks. |
Great wall [chinese] | was erected in 221 BC with the goal of protecting the northern borders of the country from different nomadic groups that invaded the Chinese empire. |
Compass [chinese] | used for traveling but originally was used in fortune-telling and architecture. |
Seismograph [chinese] | Each of the dragons was facing downwards and had a small ball in its mouth. In the case of an earthquake, the dragon facing the closest direction would open its mouth releasing the ball into the mouth of small bronze frog underneath. |
paper [chinese] | made from mulberry tree bark but the creator later included hemp and fishnets to strengthen it. |
Gun powder [chinese] | a mixture of charcoal, saltpeter, and sulfur |
Gun powder [chinese] | invented in the Tang dynasty in the ninth century by alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality |
Greek philosophers | Their findings in the areas of astronomy, geography, and mathematics made them pioneers in the field of science. |
Thales of Miletus | - influence by the Babylonians and egyptians - Discovered the solstice and equinox and is credited with predicting a battle-stopping eclipse |
Anaximander of Miletus | - invented the gnomon on the sundial a way to keep track of time - created a map of the world - one of the first cartographers |
Plato | - Ancient alarm clock used by the Egyptians was made by a Greek engineer, physicist and mathematician Ctesibius - But, Plato constructed his own version of an alarm clock with vessels much ahead of Ctesibius |
Aristotle of Stagira | - hypothesized that the earth must be a globe. The concept of a sphere for the earth appears in Plato’s Phaedo, but Aristotle elaborates and estimates the size. - Classified animals and is the father of zoology |
Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria | Found the Ptolemaic system of geocentric astronomy, which held for 1,400 years. He drew maps with latitude and longitude and developed the science of optics. |
Middle age inventions | “Age of science and technological advancements” |
Mechanical clock | timekeeping device that emerged in the ancient world but until middle age that technology was invented and allowed for mechanical clocks to accurately keep track of time |
Printing press | - Printing technology had been developed in the 11th century china - German Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press started a new of the mass production of books - books would remain dominat form of media |
Eyeglasses | the ability to correct vision problems |
Water and windmills | allowed people to harness the energy from natural forces like rivers, and wind, a process that continues to the present day. |
Spinning wheel | replaced the earlier method of hand spinning, in which the individual fibers were drawn out of a mass of wool held on a stick, or distaff, twisted together to form a continuous strand, and then wound on a second stick. |
Black death | mass disruption to medieval society caused by the plague set the progress of science and discovery back, and the knowledge would not reemerge until the renaissance -35% of the English population died |
Renaissance | “Rebirth of technology” |
Leonardo da Vinci | - Siege defenses - War scythe - multi-barrel gun - omithopter - tank - helicopter - airplane wing |
Nicholas Copernicus | - Arts, law, medicine, astronomy - heliocentric universe |
Galileo Galilei | - physics - isochronous motion - parabolic motion - Inertia or newton - Thermometer - Telescope - moon, Jupiter, Saturn, Milky way |
Scientific revolution | “The engineers and scientists that laid the scientific principles of today” |
Christian Huygens | - Pendulum clock [John Harrison] - regulating spiral (1675) - theory of light |
Isaac Newton | - Principia [3 books] - modern mechanics - celestial mechanics - laws of the universe |
Johaness Gutenburg | - Moveable type - Latin Bible |
Industrial revolution | - The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred to as the second Industrial Revolution, started sometime between 1820 and 1870. - led to inventions that included the telephone, the sewing machine, X-ray, lightbulb, and the combustible engine |
Industrial revolution | - increase in the number of factories and migration to the cities led to pollution, deplorable working and living conditions, as well as child labor. - |
Steam Engine, 1712 | - Thomas Newcomen - not very useful yet but the idea of using steam to make machines go will was important to the industrial revolution |
Spinning Jenny, 1764 | - James Hargreaves, a British carpenter, and weaver - The machine spins more than one ball of yearn or thread at a time, making it easier and faster to make cloth |
Cotton gin, 1794 | - Eli Whitney - a machine that makes it easier to separate cotton seeds from cotton fiber. Reduces time to clean cotton and helps southern states make more money from cotton crops |
Telegraph , 1844 | - Samuel Morse - allows messages to be sent quickly over a wire - 1860, the telegraph wires stretch from east to coast of the west of Mississippi river. |
Sewing Machine, 1846 | - Elias Howe - invents the sewing machine where clothes can be made in large factories |
Safety break, 1853 | - Elevators were already invented by 1853, but people worried about elevatorcars falling. - Elisha Otis - invents a safety break to prevent them from falling if a cable breaks, making people feel more confident about using elevators in tall buildings |
Dynamite, 1866 | - Alfred Nobel - which is a safer way to blast holes in mountains or the ground than simply lighting black powder. Dynamite is important in clearing paths to build things such as roads and railroad tracks. |
Vaccine, 1870 | - Louis Pasteur - believed that germs caused disease. Using this information, he created vaccines that helped prevent many common diseases, which helped people live longer |
Telephone, 1876 | - Alexander Graham Bell - was the first to get a patent for the telephone [he did not invent it]. Being able to speak to people over a telephone wire greatly changes the way the world communicate |
Light bulb, 1879 | - Thomas Edison - a light bulb that lasted longer than other designs and showed it off by lighting a lamp. Edison's light bulbs allow people to do many things at night, such as work, that used to only happen during the day. |
Modern Era | “The engineers and scientists that paved the way into the future.” |
Rockets to space | - Robert Goddard - Werner von Braun |
Albert Einstein | - Special Theory 1905 - General theory - quantum theory - big bang theory [curved, finite space] - atomic bomb [responsibility of science] |
The Manhattan project | - Oppenheimer - Fermi , Berthe, Teller - Four sites - Project trinity - Fat man & little boy - Treason |
The computer pioneers | - Charles Babbage - Hollerith & Watson - enigma & colossus - John vonNeuman - Ekert & mockley - Shockley, Bardeen & Brattain - Jack Kilby - Jobs & Wozniak - Gates & Allen |
Thomas A. Edison | “Invention is 1%, inspiration and 99% perspiration.” |
Stone age [pre-colonial] | findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C -Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments |
Stone age [pre-colonial] | they were producing adzes, ornaments of seashells and pottery They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed method of sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 B.C.. |
Iron age [pre-colonial] | During Iron Age, Filipinos were engaged in extraction, smelting and refining of iron from ores, until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China |
Industry / Agriculture [pre-colonial] | Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and glass ornaments, and cultivated lowland rice fields with dikes and terraced fields with spring water in mountain regions. |
Industry / Agriculture [pre-colonial] | - learned how to build boats for trading purposes. Spanish chronicles noted refined plank-built warships called caraco suited for interisland trade raids |
pre-colonial | - trading, - were curative values of some plant on how to extract medicine from herbs. |
Spanish era | The beginning of modern science and technology in the Philippines Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific research, greatly shaped by the role of religious orders though |
Spanish era | Manila prospered due to Galleon trade |
Leon Ma. Guerrero, | father of botany in the country and one the first licensed pharmacist |
American Era | Science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly during the American regime The Americans introduced a system of secularized public-school education |
American Era | - Most of the teachers were Americans and foreigners, except in the - Young men and women were encouraged to get a higher professional education in American college |
American Era | In 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was created and later named Bureau of Science -the Bureau of Science published the Philippine Journal of Science |
American Era | Philippine economic development was determined by free trade relations |
Commonwealth period | The Commonwealth government worked towards the development of economic self reliance but failed due to foreign trade and tariff policies that were controlled by the American government |