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Sociology vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sociology | The science of society |
| Social Facts | Products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exist externally to any individual (Emile Durkheim) |
| Data | Systematically collected sets of empirical observations |
| Research questions | queries about the world that can be answered empirically |
| Sociological research methods | scientific strategies for collecting empirical data about social facts |
| Qualitative research methods | tools of sociological inquiry that involve careful consideration and discussion of the meaning of nonnumerical data |
| QRM | tools of sociological inquiry that involves examining numerical data with mathematics |
| Sociological sympathy | the skill of understanding others as they understand themselves |
| Research ethics | the set of moral principles that guide empirical inquiry |
| Sociological theory | empirically based explanations and predictions about relationships between social facts |
| Social patterns | explainable and foreseeable similarities and differences among people influenced by the social conditions in which they live |
| Standpoints | points of view grounded in lived reality |
| Public sociology | the work of using sociological theory to make societies better |
| Sociological imagination | the capacity to consider how people’s lives including our own, are shakes by the social facts that surround us |
| Theory of mind | the recognition that other minds exist, followed by the realization that we can try to imagine others mental states |
| Looking glass self | the self that emerges as a consequence of seeing ourselves as we think other people see us |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | a phenomenon in which what people believe is true becomes true even if it wasn’t originally true |
| Self narrative | a story we tell about the origin and likely future of our selves |
| Culture | differences in groups shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices and bodies that reflect those ideas |
| Socialization | the lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures |
| Culturally competent | able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease |
| Beliefs | ideas about what is true and false |
| Values | notions as to what’s right and wrong |
| Norms | shared expectations for behaviors |
| Interpersonal socialization | active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our cultures |
| Subcultures | subgroups within societies that have distinct cultural ideas, objects, practices and bodies |
| Self socialization | active efforts we make to ensure we’re culturally competent members of our cultures |
| Social ties | the connections between us and other people |
| Social networks | webs of ties that link us to each other and through other people’s ties, to people to whom we’re not directly linked |
| Social media | social networks mediated by the internet |
| Homophily | our tendency to connect to others who are similar to us |
| Mass media | mediated communication intended to reach not just one or a handful of people but many |
| Media socialization | the process of learning how to be culturally competent through our exposure to media |
| Embodied | physically present and detectable in the body itself |
| Social rules | culturally specific norms, policies, and laws that guide our behaviors |
| Folkways | loosely enforced norms |
| Mores | tightly enforced norms that carry moral significance |
| Taboos | social prohibitions so strong that the thought of violating them can be sickening |
| Policies | rules that are made and enforced by organization |
| Laws | rules that are made and enforced by cities, states or federal governments |
| Social sanctions | reactions by others aimed at promoting conformity |
| Account | an excuse that explains our rule breaking but also affirms that the rule is good and right |
| Symbolic interaction | the theory that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality |
| Dramaturgy | the practice of looking at social life as a series of performances in which we’re actors in metaphorical stages |
| Impression management | efforts to control how we’re preceived by others |
| Face | a version of ourselves that we want to project in a specific setting |
| Front stage | a public space in which we are aware of an audience |
| Back stage | private or semiprivate spaces in which we can relax and rehearse |
| Interpersonal discrimination | prejudicial behavior displayed by individuals |
| Deviance | behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions |
| Strain theory | the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people’s ability to attain them |
| Differential association theory | the idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks |
| Social disorganization theory | the idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods |
| Concentrated poverty | a condition in which 40 percent or more of the residents in an area live below the federal poverty line |
| Neutralization theory | the idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking |
| Labeling | the process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual |
| Labeling theory | a theory about how labels that are applied to us influence our behavior |
| Primary deviance | the instance of deviance that first attracts a deviant label |
| Secondary deviance | further instance of deviance prompted by the receipts of the deviant label |
| Structural functionalism | the theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability |
| Collective conscience | a society’s shared understanding of right and wrong |
| Anomie | widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienation from social rules |
| Conflict theory | the idea that societies aren’t characterized by shared interests but competing ones |
| Social inequalities | a condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities |
| Historical sociology | a research method that involves collecting and analyzing data that reveal facts about past events, with the aim of enhancing sociological theory |
| Culture-as-value thesis | the idea that we’re socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong |
| Culture-as-rationale thesis | the idea that we’re socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right and wrong |
| Ethnocentrism | the practice of assuming that one’s own culture is superior to the culture of others |
| Cultural relativism | the practice of noting the differences between cultures without passing judgment |
Created by:
mikayla.boarder