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Chapter 2 AP GOV
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| unailenable | A human right based on nature or God |
| Articles of Confederation | The first constitution of the United States, adopted by Congress in 1777; enacted in 1781. Established a national legislature, the Continental Congress, but most authority rested with state legislatures. |
| Constitutional Convention | A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution |
| Shays' Rebellion | a series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shay to block foreclosure proceedings |
| Virginia Plan | Proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation of each sate in congress in proportion to that state's population. |
| New Jersey Plan | Proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population. |
| Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) | Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each stateJ |
| Judicial Review | The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
| Enumerated Powers | Powers given to the national government alone |
| Reserved Powers | Powers given to the state governments |
| Concurrent Powers | Powers shared by the national + state governments |
| Checks and Balances | Features of the Constitution that limit government's power by requiring that power be balanced among the different governmental institutions; specifically the 3 branches. |
| Separation of Powers | a feature of the constitution that requires each of the three branches of government-executive, legislative, judicial-to be relatively independent of others so that one cannot control the others. Power is shared among these three institutions |
| Faction | Interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth |
| Federalists | Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time states were contemplating its adoption. Those who favor a stronger national government + want to ratify the constitution. |
| Antifederalists | Opponents of the U.S. Constitution. Those who favor a weaker national government + believe the constitution needs individual rights. |
| Bicameral | legislature comprising of a two house system. |
| Declaration of Independence | the document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence. |
| Natural Rights | rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments which include life, liberty + property. |
| U.S Consitituion | Document written in 1787, ratified in 1788 that sets the institutional structure of the U.S government + the tasks these institutions performed. Replaced the AOC |
| Writ of habeas corpus | a court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody. |
| Republic | form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them + make laws |
| Federalists Papers | Collection of 85 articles written by John Jay, James Madison + Alexander Hamilton under the name of "Publius" to defend the constitution in detail |
| Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments to the U.S constitution, drafted in response to some of the Anti-Federalists concerns. The amendments define basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, press, and guarantee defendant's rights. |
| Marbury v. Madison | 1803 case; Chief Justice John Marshall + his associates first asserted the right of the supreme court to determine the meaning of the U.S constitution. Established the court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress; in this case the Judiciary Act |
| unicameral | One-house legislature |
| Bills of Attainder Laws | Laws that dictated prison sentences for accused who were NOT given a trial. These laws cannot be made! |
| ex post facto law | a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed |
| 3/5 Compromise | each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes |
| Supremacy Clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. |
| Necessary and Proper Clause | Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. Congress has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government. |
| Amendment | A change to the Constitution |
| James Madison | "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. |
| Federalist 10 | An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable. |
| Federalist 51 | "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition." But what is government itself but the greatest of all reflections on human nature." Main idea is checks + balances. People are the primary check. |
| Brutus, The Antifederalist, No. 1 | Argument against the Federalist Papers, Fed 10, fights for smaller gov't to have control |
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