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AP Psych Unit 10 Voc
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| personality | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. |
| psychodynamic theories | theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. |
| psychoanalysis | (2) Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings |
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
| id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. |
| ego | the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. |
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history. |
| projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics. |
| Thematic Apperception Test | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. |
| Rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. |
| terror-management theory | a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death. |
| humanistic theories | theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. |
| self-actualization | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential. |
| self-transcendence | according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self. |
| unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
| self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “Who am I?” |
| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. |
| personality inventory | a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. |
| empirically derived test | a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups. |
| social-cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context. |
| behavioral approach | focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development. |
| reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. |
| self | in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
| self-esteem | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential. |
| self-efficacy | one's sense of competence and effectiveness. |
| self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. |
| narcissism | excessive self-love and self-absorption. |
| individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. |
| collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly. |
| psychoanalysis | (1) Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. |
Created by:
jaredmarshh