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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| enclosure acts | enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common |
| luddites | a member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs |
| chartists | Chartism was a working class movement which emerged in 1836 in London. It expanded rapidly across the country and was most active between 1838 and 1848. The aim of the Chartists was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes. |
| Sadler Commission | In 1832 the British Parliament established a committee, headed by Michael Thomas Sadler, to investigate the situation of children employed in British factories |
| Peterloo Massacre | St Peter's Field, Manchester, Lancashire, England, on Monday 16 August 1819. Eighteen people died and 400–700 were injured when cavalry charged into a crowd of around 60,000 people who had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | renowned women's rights activist who authored A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792, a classic of rationalist feminism that is considered the earliest and most important treatise advocating equality for women |
| Voltaire | the efficacy of reason. social progress could be achieved through reason and that no authority—religious or political or otherwise—should be immune to challenge by reason. the importance of tolerance, especially religious tolerance. |
| Robert Owen | believed in socialism. His belief system, Owenism, posited that education and socialism could help cure social problems. He pushed for factory reform, encouraged the British working class to unionize, |
| Titus Salt | created an entire village of houses, park, school, library, recreation and learning institute and outdoor sport facilities around the mill naming the streets after his children and family |
| Thomas Malthus | human populations tend to outgrow their agricultural production capabilities, resulting in famines and other disasters. |
| James Hargreaves | invented the 'spinning jenny', which was the earliest of a succession of inventions that enabled the industrialization of cotton spinning |
| John Locke | pioneered the ideas of natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution that proved essential to both the American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution that followed |
| Adam Smith | profits flowed from capital investments, and that capital gets directed to where the most profit can be made, father of modern economics |
| Martin Luther | one of the most significant figures in Christian history. His beliefs helped birth the Reformation—which would give rise to Protestantism |
| Karl Marx | believed that capitalism, with its emphasis on profit and private ownership, led to inequality.encourage a system that promoted a classless society in which everyone shared the benefits of labor and the state government controlled all property and wealth. |
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