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ABA Exam 2
Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abolishing Operation (AO) | A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event. |
| Acquisition | When a person is learning a behavior or engaging in the behavior for the first time |
| Aversive stimulus | The stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behavior |
| Avoidance behavior | The occurrence of the behavior prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring. |
| Backup reinforcer | Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens. |
| Concurrent operants | A number of different behaviors or response options are concurrently available for the person |
| Concurrent schedules of reinforcement | All of the schedules of reinforcement that are in effect for a person's behaviors at one time |
| Conditioned reinforcer | A stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer or an already established conditioned reinforcer. |
| Consequence | The result of behavior |
| Contingency | When the response produces the consequence and the consequence does not occur unless the response occurs first |
| Continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which each instance of the behavior is followed by the reinforcer. |
| Deprivation | A type of establishing operation that increases the effectiveness of most unconditioned reinforcers and some conditioned reinforcers. |
| Escape behavior | The occurrence of the behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimulus that was already present when the behavior occurred. |
| Establishing operation (EO) | A motivating operation that establishes (increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer. |
| Fixed interval (FI) schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed. |
| Fixed ratio (FR) schedule | a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors |
| Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer | When a conditioned reinforcer is paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers |
| Intermittent reinforcement schedule | Reinforcement is delivered after only SOME of the desired responses occur. |
| Maintenance | Once the person has acquired or learned the behavior, an intermittent reinforcement schedule is used so that the person continues to engage in the behavior. |
| Motivating operations (MO) | An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event. |
| Negative reinforcement | The occurrence of a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus (an aversive stimulus) or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus, which strengthens the behavior. |
| Operant behavior | A behavior that is strength ened through the process of reinforcement |
| Positive reinforcement | The occurrence of a behavior is followed by the addition of a stimulus (a reinforcer) or an increase in the intensity of a stimulus, which strengthens the behavior. |
| Premack principle | A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. |
| Reinforcement | The process in which a behavior is strengthened by the immediate consequence that reliably follows its occurrence. |
| Reinforcer | The consequence that strengthens an operant behavior |
| Response | One instance of a behavior |
| Response effort | The amount of ease or difficulty with which a person can complete a task. This influences the frequency with which the task will be performed. |
| Satiation | A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior is presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior. |
| Schedule of reinforcement | Specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are followed by a reinforcer. |
| Stimulus | An object or event that can be detected by one of the senses, and thus has the potential to influence the person |
| Token | A neutral stimulus that can be used as a conditioned reinforcer to modify human behavior in a token reinforcement program. |
| Unconditioned reinforcer | Reinforcers that require no prior experience with them to function as reinforcers due to their biological importance. |
| Variable interval (VI) schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. |
| Variable ratio (VR) schedule | a schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement varies each time, around an |
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