Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Sara's study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who discover x-rays? | Wilhelm conrad roetgen |
| When did Wilhelm conrad roetgen disover x-rays? | November 8, 1895 |
| Electromagnetic radiation is | photons that travel through the speed of light in a straight line and wavelike motion |
| Shorter wavelength/ | greater energy |
| Longer wavelength | less energy |
| What is a tubehead? | tightly sealed heavy metal housing that contains x-ray tube inside. |
| Metal housing | The metal body that is filled with insulating oil inside. |
| Insulting oil | prevents over heating by absorbing heat |
| Tubehead seal is made up of | leaded glass or aluminum. |
| Tubehead is there to | seal the oil in the tubehead. |
| What is known as the heart of the x-ray generating system? | The x-ray tube |
| What is matter? | anything that occupies space and has a form or shape |
| When is a lead apron or thyroid collar used? | Must be used on all patients for all exposures |
| structures allow x-rays to pass through them radiolucent or radiopaque | radiolucent |
| structures do not allow x-rays to pass through them radiolucent or radiopaque | radiopaque |
| _______ structures appear dark or black on radiograph's | radiolucent |
| _______ structures appear white or light gray on radiograph | radiopaque |
| Metal on radiograph is | radiopaque |
| Enamel on radiograph is | radiopaque |
| Dense areas of bone are | radiopaque |
| Air spaces are | radiolucent |
| Soft tissues are | radiolucent |
| Dental pulp is | radiolucent |
| What are some oral detections dentist use dental radiographs to evaluate? | Bone loss in early stages |
| How close should one stand during an x-ray exposure if not wearing barrier? | Be six feet block walls dry wall lead lined would all provide optimum protection |
| What can happen if you have to much exposure to radiation? | no matter how small, x-rays have the potential to cause harmful biological changes |
| Who is C. Edmund Kells? | Dentist who is credited with the first practical use of radiographs in dentistry. |
| Who was credited the first practical use of radiographs in dentistry? | C. Edmund Kells |
| What is secondary radiation? | X-radiation that is created when primary beam interacts with matter |
| What is primary radiation? | Radiation that exits tubehead |
| What is scatter radiation? | Radiation that has been deflected from its path by interaction with matter |
| What issues have the highest radiation sensitivity? | Small lymphocytes and fetal |
| What is an electron shell? | Orbital path of an electron around the nucleus. |
| What do milliampere seconds control? | The degree of density or blackness on radiograph. |
| The portion of a processed radiograph that appears dark or black is | radiolucent |
| Which appears most radiolucent? | Air space |
| Bone, enamel, and dentin is | radiopaque |
| Scatter radiation is a type of | secondary radiation |
| What does the extension arm do? | Functions in positioning the tubehead |
| What can affect future generations? | Damage caused by ionizing x radiation to genetic cells. |
| What are the guidelines for prescribing dental radiographs for a pregnant patient? | Radiographic procedures do not need to be altered because of pregnancy |
| Radiation monitoring is | used to protect operators by identifying occupational exposure |
| Background radiation is | natural sources as radioactive materials such as natural radionuclide, radon (a natural radioactive gas that gets into homes and buildings) |
| MPD stands for | Maximum Permissible Dose |
| Where are x-rays produced? | x-ray tube |
| What is referred to as sharpness? | How well the x-ray reproduces the fine details of an object. |
| Density is the | overall darkness of film |
| In the paralleling technique when using #1 films, how many and how do you place the films for the anterior? | There are 7. 4 maxillary 3 mandibular |
| In the paralleling technique when using #2 films, how many and how do you place the films for the anterior? | There are 6. 3 maxillary and 3 mandibular |
| The fuzzy or blurred area around an image is called | penumbra. It can be reduced by limiting movement. |
| The time lapse from x-ray exposure until noticeable damage occurs is known as | the latent period |
| When in storage, the lead apron should be | hung and draped over a bar |
| Because the entire x-ray area is considered a radiation hazard area, a radiation hazard sign must be posted in | sight of patients and sight of personnel |
| A patient is concerned with radiation exposure. You can assure him that your office uses the ALARA concept, which includes | reducing the number of exposures, minimizing retakes, and keeping exposures levels as low as possible. |
| ALARA stands for | As low as reasonably achievable meaning avoiding exposure to radiation that does not have a direct benefit to you, even if the dose is small. |
| The penetrating power of the x-ray beam is controlled by the settings on the | kilovolt setting. |
| If a patient is small and petite, to get the same density radiograph it is best to reduce the | exposure time and mA. |
| The function of the aluminum filter in the x-ray tube is to | remove long wavelengths from the beam |
| Thermionic emission refers to the | release of electrons from the tungsten filament. |
| The council that determines the radiation effects and levels tolerable for humans is the | National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. |
| The lead collimator is used to | restrict the size and shape of the primary beam. |
| The dentist says that the image has too much contrast; she would like to see more gray values. What adjustment would you make? | Increase kVp |
| Film badges should be | worn at work only, the badge is usually worn for 3 to 4 weeks before returning it for reading, if an assistant follows all safety precautions; exposure should be near zero. |
| A step-down transformer is necessary within the x-ray circuitry to | boil off electrons from the filament. |
| Who should hold the film in a patient’s mouth if the patient is unable to do so? | Parent or relative of the patient |
| If the operator’s film badge indicates an exposure to small amounts of radiation, what should be done? | Evaluate the x-ray equipment and techniques. |
| Primary radiation is also called the | useful beam |
| The beam of x-rays that comes from the target | Primary radiation |
| The following organs are more sensitive to radiation and are considered critical organs | skin, thyroid gland, and lens of the eye |
| All the following organs are more sensitive to radiation and are considered critical organs except | muscle |
| How much filtration is federally required for a dental x-ray machine operating over 70 kVp? | 2.50 mm |
| Chronic radiation exposure occurs when _____ doses of radiation are received over a _______ time period. | small; long |
| One of the earliest signs of overexposure to x-rays may be | erythema. |
| The maximum permissible dose for an occupational worker for an individual 18 years of age or older is _____ rem/year. | 5 |
| An example of cumulative radiation exposure is | cataracts, cancer, and leukemia. |
| Which of the following terms is used to describe the energy or penetrating ability of the x-ray beam in dental radiography? | Quality |
| Compact bone is also called | cortical bone |
| What is horizontal angulation? | Refers to the positioning of the tube head and direction of the central ray in a horizontal (side to side) plane. Horizontal angulation remains the same whether you are using the paralleling or bisecting technique. |
| Describe incorrect horizontal angulation and why is it important? | Incorrect horizontal angulation results in overlapped (unopened) contact areas and cannot be used to examine the interproximal areas of the teeth. |
| Describe vertical angulation and how is measured? | Positioning of the PID in a vertical , or up and down plane |
| 3 ways vertical angulation differs according to the x-ray technique being used | Vertical angulation of the central ray is directed perpendicular to the film and the long axis of the tooth, with bisecting vertical angulation is determined by the imaginary bisector; central ray directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector, |
| For bitewings vertical angulation is directed at+10 degrees. T or F | True |
| What is incorrect vertical angulation and why is it important? | Results in the image that is not the same length as the tooth being x-rayed. Elongated or forshortened. |
| Describe incorrect vertical angulation and how do you correct it? | Foreshortening happens from excessive vertical angulation. Elongation results from insufficient vertical angulation. |
| How far should the sensor or PSP plate extend beyond incisal or occlusal edge? | 1/8 inch |
| Parallel | side by side |
| Perpendicular | at right angles |
| What is forshortening? | Teeth appear too short |
| What is elongation ? | Teeth appear too long |
| What is the vertical angulation for BWX? | +10 degrees |
| Are BWX taken using the parallel or bisecting technique? | ALWAYS PARALELLING TECHNIQUE |
| What's the difference between a horizontal BWX and a vertical BWX? | Horizontal is side to side and Vertical is up and down |
| What is the occlusal technique? | to examine large areas of the upper or lower jaw on 1 film |
| Why is occlusal technique taken? | to examine large areas of the upper or lower jaw on 1 film |
| What is the panoramic technique? | Shows a view of the upper and lower jaw on 1 film. |
| Why are panoramic's taken? | They are sometimes taken because patient cannot do intraoral films because of gagging. |
| What is edentulous and why would you need to take radiographs? | Means without teeth It is to detect retained root tips, impacted teeth and lesions(cyst or tumors), identify objects embedded in bone , observe the amount and health of the bone. |
| What do you need to adjust for pediatric patients and why? | Exposure factors (mA, kVp, and exposure time) must be reduced |
| What happens if pediatric patients move during exposure ? | The shorter time will reduce the effect of blurring if the child moves. |
| Name 3 reasons why you need a good quality radiograph for an endodontic patient | The tooth is centered on film, at least 5 cm of bone beyond the apex of the tooth is visible, the image is as anatomically correct as possible |
| Why do patients gag during exposure? | Because they are nervous and you need to be confident |
| Items that need barriers during x-ray procedure... | Dental chair, head rest, x-ray units, dials, chair controls, exposure buttons, the cone, the tube head, extension arm, door knob, pt.light |
| What PPEs should you wear while taking x-rays? | Gloves, eyewear, masks |
| Before you seat the patient what do you need to do? | Explain, prepare the room and review the pts medical history to confirm the number and types of x-rays the dentist has requested for diagnose |
| Radiation is one type of | electromagnetic (radiation) |
| What powers up the x-ray unit? | High voltage power supply |
| What is the PID? | is a plastic casing that allows you to line up the x-ray unit to the proper location and distance from patients mouth. |
| What is the x-ray tube head? | the housing of where the actual x-rays are created. |
| Hard tissue is more .... | dense than soft tissue |
| Electricity produces the.... | heat |
| Heat produces ... | electrons |
| Electrons produce... | x-rays |
| X-rays are a form of | electromagnetic radiation |
| Penetrating photons strike the .. | receptor |
| Intensity/ | Density= darkness of the image Quanity of electrons number of photons |
| Energy/ | contrast=difference among gray values quality of electrons energy of photons |
| Exposure time/ | length of time measured in seconds that high voltage is applied to x-ray tube |
| Exposure time affects | intensity so the number of electrons and photons |
| Exposure time is the one setting that is most frequently.... | changed |
| Adult patients exposure time is | increased |
| For smaller patients, children, and without teeth exposure time is | decreased |
| When direct digital sensors are used exposure time is | decreased |
| If exposure time is too long and you are taking x-rays on a child your going to get an | too dark overexposed image and if its too short your going to get a noisy underexposed light image. |
| (mA) | usually cannot adjust |
| mA affects the | intensity |
| Too much mA | too dark |
| Too little mA is | too light |
| kVp affects | intensity and energy |
| mA = | milleramperage |
| milleramperage = | number of electrons |
| number of electrons = | density/how strong |
| kvp= | kilovoltage peak |
| kilovoltage peak = | strength of beam |
| strength of beam - | how hard is the beam hitting the patient is it a soft punch or hard punch. |
| kVp= | contrast |
| SOG is | shades of grey - all the shades in between black and white |
| If the Dr tells you this radiograph doesn't have enough SOG, what do you do for the retake? | SOG is related with contrast, contrast is related with kVp. SOG and contrast are related, so Dr is saying This radiograph doesnt have enough contrast so you need to increase the contrast, so you need to lower kVp. |
| Extraoral | outside of mouth |
| intraoral | inside of mouth |
| Extraoral radiographs dont show the details as well as | intraoral film |
| Extraoral radiographs | are taken when large areas of the skull or jaw must be examined or when pt cant open his/her mouth for film placement |
| Another reason pt might have extraoral radiographs done because | pt cant open his/her mouth for film placement |
| Extraoral radiographs are not adequate for detection of subtle changes such as | early stages of dental caries or periodontal disease |
| Panoramic radiograph's show the entire | dentition |
| Panoramic radiograph's show the entire dentition and related structures on how many films? | one single film |
| Some types of panoramic units operate with patient in a _________ position, and other types require the patient to be in a ________ position. | seated; standing |
| Regardless type of machine, you MUST follow the | manufactures instructions carefully |
| Panoramic films are not as clear or as well defined as the images on | intraoral films |
| what films are used to supplmement a panoramic film to detect dental caries or periapical lesions? | Bite-wing films |
| The term panorama means | an obstructed view of a region in any direction |
| When the series of images are combined onto a single film a | overall view (panorama) of the maxilla and mandible is created |
| During panoramic positioning of the patient, if the patients chin is positioned too low, the following will be seen on a processed radiograph. | The absence of the patient's condyles in the correct anatomical position |
| Which of the following is accurate about digital imaging | A sensor is placed in the mouth, it is exposed t radiation, and an image immeadiatly appears on a monitor for viewing |
| Following statements regarding somatic effect are true | x-rays can damage somatic tissues, one possible somatic effect of radiation is cancer, and x-rays affect somatic cells. |
| Damage caused by radiation from somatic effects is passed on to future generations. | FALSE |
| What is an accurate description of ionization? | The process of converting atoms into ions. |
| Tomography can best be describes as | the process of imaging a desired structure while blurring of other areas. |
| What is an ex. of an acceptable disinfection technique used in dental imaging | Leaving patient care items in their packaging until they are ready for use |
| Example of preparing the dental imaging for patient care | The radiographic imager should place barriers over radiograhic equipment including the exposure button and control panel because there are often hard to reach areas that may create reservoirs for pathogens and other microbes. |
| Which best describes the effects of long term low dose radiation exposure? | The effect of long term lo |
Created by:
Sdelar947