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Inst. Stage Check #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| FAR 61.65 - Inst Rating Requirements | Hold PPL, Read/Write/Speak English, Recieve & Log Grough Training, Receive a Training Record Endorsement |
| Aeronautical Experience | 50hrs XC (10 in plane) + 40hrs actual or simulated |
| FAR 61.57 Recency of Experience | W/in Preceding 6 calendar months: 6 inst approaches, holding procedures, and course interceptions via nav system (can be done in sim or plane) |
| Instrument Flight Requirements | Can't act as PIC under less than VFR conditions w/o meeting recency experience, a flight review, IFR currency, valid documents, and Part 61 regs |
| Commercial License no Instrument | Max 50nm travel distance for hire during the day, no pax at night |
| Illusions | Coriolis - Occurs when more than one axis is disturbed (ex. head in lap) The Leans - turn less than 2deg/sec is possibly unnoticeable Somatogravic - Reapid acceleration feels like nose up attitude Centrugal force can often be felt as rising/falling |
| Runway Illusions | Higher than Actual - narrow runway, up sloping runway, featureless terrain, water refraction Lower than Actual - wide runway, down sloping runway |
| Other Illusions | Fog - pitch up illusion Ground lighting - mistaken as approach lights Preventing Landing Errors - VASI/PAPI/ILS, runway not always in front of you (xwind), don't accept visual w/o confirmation |
| Hypoxia | Hypemic - Interferes with ability of blood to carry oxygen Hypoxic - Interferes with flow of oxygen into lungs Stagnate - Interferes with circulation of blood to cells Histotoxic - Interferes with normal utilization of oxygen (drugs/alcohol/etc) |
| Gyroscopic Instruments | Attitude Indicator, Turn Coordinator, Heading Indicator - Uses the idea of rigidity in space (gyro resists movement of plane) - Should be erect and stable w/in 5 mins, horizon bar not tilted more than 5deg |
| Attitude Indicator Errors | Errors greatest rolling out of 180deg turn (might show slight climb and turn in opposite direction) - Skidding turns (shows turn to opp direction) - Acceleration/Deceleration |
| Turn Coordinator | Relies on gyroscopic precession - Bank angle indirectly indicated, - Taxi: aircraft moves w. turn, ball moves freely |
| Airspeed Indicator | Only pitot static instrument - difference between ram and static air - If pitot is blocked, it works like an altimeter |
| Types of Airspeed | Indicated - uncorrected Calibrated - corrected for instrument error True - Actual speed corrected for air density (pressure/temp) |
| Altimeter | Provides true altitude, above FL180 set to 29.92 - Errors: Cold temp |
| Pressure Altitude | Height above standard datum plane - true alt at standard conditions, density alt when temp is standard |
| Vertical Speed Indicator | *Not required for IFR flight so errors are allowed - AIM 5-3-3: Climb descend minimum 500'/min |
| Three Fundamentals of Instrument Flying | Cross Check, Instrument Interpretation, Aircraft Control (CIA) |
| Required Equipment | ATOMATOFLAMES + GRABCARD (generator/alternator, rate of turn, altitude, ball, clock, altimeter, radio, directional gyro) |
| VOR | - Full Scale Deflection (~10deg) - Displacement = 200'/dot(2deg)/nm - Check every 30 days |
| VOR Check | VOT or VOR checkpoint: +/- 4deg (180 to, 360 from) Dual VOR check: +/- 4deg (ground or air) Airborne checkpoint: +/- 6deg |
| DME | Measures slant range in nm - Has coded IDENT every 30sec - Required above FL240 (91.205) |
| Localizer | 3-6deg wide (sensitive to interference) |
| Glide Slope | AIM 1-1-9 - 2.5-3.5deg slope RoDescent, 1.4deg thick |
| Airport | An area of land or water that is used or intended to be used for landing and takeoff of aircraft, and includes its building and facilities, if any |
| Instrument Rating Usage | - When on IFR flight plan (regardless of weather) - Class A airspace - Weather less than VFR - Flight solely by reference to instruments |
| FAR 61.51 Pilot Logbooks | - Name of safety pilot must be logged (they must be PPL rated in appropriate category/class, have medical, meet recency) - Location and type of approaches logged |
| FAR 61.56 Flight Review | - Every 24cal months - Other ways to satisfy: New cert/rating, WINGS program, airline checkride |
| Basic Med | - No more than 6 occupants or 6000lbs - No Class A airspace or travel outside the US - No flight speed greater than 250kts - Need cert of completion in logbook |
| 91.103 Preflight Action | - NWKRAFT -Flight Plan Form - Airspace boundaries (including restricted, prohibited, TFRs, etc) |
| 91.126 Class G Airspace | - IFR doesn't mean right of way - Left traffic unless otherwise mentioned - Up to 14,500' |
| 91.129 Class D Airspace | - 2500' AGL, 4nm radius - 2 way radios - 200kt speed limit - Ground or clearance delivery for IFR clearance |
| 91.130 Class C Airspace | - S-4000' AGL + 1200-4000' AGL, 10nm radius - 2 way radio, transponder - IFR handoffs (approach if approaching & vise versa) |
| 91.131 Class B Airspace | - Airspace designed as necessary up to 10,000' - 2 way radio, ADS-B w/in 30nm, if IFR needs operable VOR/TACAN or RNAV system - Still need clearance to enter on IFR plan |
| 91.135 Class A Airspace | - FL180 to FL600 + 12nm offshore - Autopilot, IFR current pilot, ADS-B, 2 sources of airdata, altitude encoding transponder, crew training - Equip failure: descend to FL290 - Must be on IFR flight plan |
| RVSM | "Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum" - Between FL290-FL410 - 1000' separation (able for new ADC/autopilot systems) |
| 91.167 Fuel Requirements | Minimum 45min extra fuel (recommended enough for 2 approaches) - 123 rule (1 hour before eta, less than 2000' ceilings, less than 3sm visibility) - alternate must be filed |
| AV1ATES | -Annual -VOR (30 days) -100hr Tach time) - ADs - Transponder (24 cal months) - ELT (12 mo, 1/2 life, or one cumulative hour usage) - Static (24 mo) |
| Radio Failure IFR | - Route (assigned, vectored, expected, filed) {AVEnue F} - Altitude (Assigned, published, expected) - Leaving Clearance limit (IAF & not IAF - as close to EFC then as close to ETA as possible) - Squawk 7600 |
| VFR on Top | - No class A + must use VFR cruise altitudes - Advise ATC of changes + must stay VFR - Can't go lower than minimum altitudes - Can request from ground w/o filing |
| ATC Services | - Flow Control (ground stops, holds, diversions) - Separation (airspeed w/in 10 knots, normal speed, climb 500'/min) |
| Other ATC Services | - Weather info - Safety alerts (terrain or aircraft conflicts) - Emergency in Distress - "Urgency" Conditions (timely but not immediate) |
| Urgency | A condition of being concerned about safety and of requiring timely but not immediate assistance; a potential distress condition |
| Required Reports - Radar | Altitude changes Climbing/descending Missed approach Equipment malfunction Wx (adverse/unforecast) Airspeed Safety of Flight Holds (entering/leaving) |
| Required Reports - Non-Radar | Compulsory Points Outer Marker (precision) FAF/FAP (non-precision) Fixes that define route ETA (+/- 3 minutes) |
| Clearance Cancellation | - Not in Class A airspace - Can while in VFR conditions |
| Tec Routes | - Between overlapping radars below 10,000' - Helps get in the air faster and speed up flight planning processes -J: jet, M: turboprop, P:non-jet (>190kts), Q: non-jet (<190kts) |
| Preferred Routes | Used between major corridors between major cities (found in back of AFD) - Prevents route changes, uses SIDs & STARs |
| SIDs vs STARs | -Standard Instrument Departures -Standard Terminal Arrivals ~ Connects en-route airspace to a runway |
| ARTCC | Air Route Traffic Control Center (mainly high altitude flying) |
| Physiology (relates to) | Fitness for flight, Alcohol/drugs, Fatigue, Stress, Spatial disorientation, Vestibular disorientation, Hypoxia, Decompression Sickness, Hyperventilation, Tricks of mind and body |
| ADM Process | Recognize Define Choose Implement Evaluate |
| DECIDE Model | Detect (problem) Estimate (need for action) Choose (desired outcome) Identify (necessary steps to do so) Do Evaluate |
| Crew Management 5Ps | Plan Plane Pilot (IMSAFE) Passengers Programming |
| Airmet | Valid for 6 hours - Sierra (IFR conditions) - Tango (turbulence) - Zulu (icing) |
| Sigmet | Valid for 4 hours - Dust/sand storms - Volcanic Ash - Visibility less than 3sm |
| Convective Sigmet | Valid for 2 hours or as needed - Thunderstorms/squall lines - 50kt+ surface winds |
Created by:
darndt