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Communications
Mid-Term review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Why study communication | One factor shared by people who are able to ascend both the professional and personal ladders of success is superior communication skills |
| What is communication? | A systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings |
| Linear Models (one way line) | one-way process, (transmission model) noise |
| Interactive models (circle) | back and forth communication, exchange of ideas encoder, source, decoder, message, feedback, decoder, receiver, encoder, field of experience |
| Transactional Models (figure 8, Venn diagram) | more complex than interactive information source, message, transmitter, signal, received signal, receiver, message, destination |
| symbols | arbitrary, ambiguous and abstract representations of phenomena. Basis of language, much nonverbal behavior and human thought. (Giving someone a ring because you love them) |
| Perception | selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities |
| selection | choosing what to attend to in our environment So what? Who cares? |
| organization | Cognitive Schemata Prototype, personal construct, stereotype, script |
| Interpretation | subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience |
| Prototype | The most representative example of a category |
| Personal Construct | A bipolar, mental yardstick we use to measure people and situations |
| Stereotype | A predictive generalization about individuals and situations based on the category in which we place them |
| Script | A guide to action in particular situations |
| What influences perception? | self-serving bias, attribution (why things happen or why people act the way they do) not correct interpretations |
| How to improve perception | Avoid mind-reading Check perceptions with others Distinguish facts from inferences & judgments Use tentative language Monitor self-serving biases |
| Intrapersonal communication | communication with ourselves, self talk |
| Interpersonal communication | Communication between people, sometimes in close relationships such as friendship and romance |
| Group/team communication | leadership, member roles, group dynamics, agendas for achieving group goals and managing conflict collective decisions |
| Public communication | public speaking |
| Organizational communication | Understandings about identity and codes of thought and action that are shared by the members of an organization |
| Mass media | addresses large audiences reinforce cultural stereotypes using pretty girls in ads and as news reporters films that portray men as daring, brave distort our perceptions of ourselves and society |
| Mediated | carried out by the use of information communication technology and can be contrasted to face-to-face communication zoom |
| Intercultural communication | Different cultures ways of communicated In some cultures it might be rude to disagree with someone or to speak up, while in other cultures it is fine |
| reflected appraisal | Seeing ourselves through the eyes of others |
| Direct definition | communication that tells us who we are by labeling us and our behaviors "You're my sweet girl." "You're impossible" |
| Social Comparison | comparing ourselves with others to form judgements of our talents, abilities, qualities and so forth |
| Self-disclosure | the revelation of personal information about ourselves that others are unlikely to learn on their own (we self-disclose when we express private hopes feelings and goals) |
| Johari window | Joe + Harry Open Area Blind Area Hidden Area Unkown Area (un)known to others, (un)known to self |
| Features of Language | Symbolic ▪ Arbitrary ▪ Ambiguous ▪ Abstract |
| Language | is an arbitrary [ambiguous, abstract] system of symbols that is governed by rules and conveys power |
| non-verbal vs verbal communication | Verbal communication involves getting your message across using sounds, words, and languages. Nonverbal communication involves unsaid things like eye movement, body language, and tone |
| Arbitrariness | no inherent relationship between the signal and its meaning |
| Ambiguity | occurs when one person or group is unclear about what they mean. |
| Constitutive Rules | Rules that you have to follow in order to use the communication process to be able to create or bring something in existence |
| Regulative Rules | To regulate the communication process by giving us some indication of what is appropriate and what isn't appropriate |
| Punctuation | Punctuation is important for writing because it helps to structure your words and highlight the tone you are taking to convey your message |
| 6 symbolic abilities | 1. defines phenomena- define using words/symbols/labels 2. evaluates phenomena- biased and laden with values 3. organizes experiences- placing people in categories defines how we interpret them, stereotyping |
| more symbolic abilities | 4. allows hypothetical thought 5. allows self reflection- use to reflect on ourselves/actions, foundation of human identity, allows us to monitor ourselves 6. defines relationships and interactions- use it to regulate interactions, two levels of meaning |
| totalizing | responding to a person as if one label totally represents that person, fail to recognize other aspects of them |
| loaded language | words that slant perceptions and meaning exceedingly, encourage extreme perceptions - geeze, old fogy vs. elder, senior citizen |
| reappropriation | phenomena that happens when a group reclaims a term used by others to degrade its members and treats that term as a positive self-deception, removes stigma from that term |
| Hypothetical thought | thinking about experiences and ideas that are not part of your concrete, daily reality - daydream, remember, set goals etc. |
| Self reflection | use to reflect on ourselves/actions, foundation of human identity, allows us to monitor ourselves |
| I-langauge | identifies speaker's thoughts and feelings, takes responsibility, more descriptive than you-language |
| you-language | attributes intentions and motives onto the other person, results in the other person feeling defensive |
| language defining relationships and interaction | responsiveness, liking, power |
| digital communication | electronic modes of communication that store and manage data in digital form |
| communication guidelines | engage in person-centered communication, be aware of levels of abstraction, qualify language, own your feelings and thoughts |
| nonverbal language | tends to be more accurate (carries more than 65% of meaning in communication) |
| ambiguous nonverbal communication | we can never be sure that others understand the meanings we intend to express with our nonverbal behavior |
| Relationship-level meaning | tells us, how to interpret the content level, usually by conveying information about how we see ourselves, the other person, and the relationship between the parties |
Created by:
madisonkimmel15