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Chemistry Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| defined as anything that occupies space (volume) and has mass | Matter |
| __________ are interested in the nature of ___________ and how it is related to its ____________ and _______________ | Chemists, matter, atoms, molecules |
| What we can see to understand the particulate (microscopic) worlds (overall picture) | Macroscopic World |
| worlds we cannot see | Particulate (microscopic) world |
| Iceberg in Greenland | Macro |
| Solid, liquid, g | Particulate |
| H2O (g), H2O (l), H2O (s) | Symbol |
| All matter is ultimately composed of | atoms |
| In some substances the atoms exist as | Independent particles |
| Two or more atoms bonded together | Molecules |
| In some substances several atoms | bond together in well-defined structures called molecules |
| Matter consists of atoms and molecules in motion | Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) |
| Forces of attraction between particles determine the state | States of Matter |
| - rigid shape, fixed volume - eternal shape can reflect the atomic and molecular arrangement ( particulate) - particles are arranged in a reg. pattern - vibrate in place, have little energy | Solids (s) |
| - have no fixed shape, fixed volume (may not fill container completely) - have enough energy to flow | Liquids (l) |
| -have enough energy to completely separate (overcome forces of attraction) - expand to fill thier container (no fixed shapes or volume) | Gases (g) |
| Gases are | Compressible |
| Since the __________ or _________ that compose _____ are not in contact with ___________________ ( there is space & air between them) gases can be __________ | atoms, molecules, gases, compressed |
| - electrically charged gas, so much energy that the electrons are stripped away - sun or any other star, TVS - predicted 100 yrs ago, first created in 1995 | Plasma |
| Explain Bose- Einstein Condensate | when atoms are cooled near absolute zero, come together to lose individual indentity and become a "super atom" - extreme low energy - Ex: supercooled Rb gass |
| solid- liquid- Gas- Plasma- | vibrate flow separate gets rid of electrons |
| energy allows particles to | overcome attractive forces |
| more energy= | particles to move more freely |
| there is no particular order in the arrangement, e.g. wax or rubber | Amorphous solids |
| particles are in highly ordered arrangement, patterned | Crystalline Solids |
| 3D arrangement of particles in the crystal can be represented by a coordinate system | Crystal Lattice |
| Simplest, smallest shape that maintains the structure | Unit cell |
| the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of the element | atom |
| composed of only one type of atom or molecule (elements or compounds) | Pure substance |
| composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules combined in variable proportions | Mixture |
| - substance's that contains only one type of atom - cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means | Element |
| - composed of 2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio - prop: differ from those of individual elements - CAN be broken down by ordinary chemical means | Compounds |
| - variable combination of 2 or more pure substances, not chemically bonded - can be separated by physical means | Mixture |
| Same throughout also called solution | Homogenous |
| - (diff) visibly separate phases | Heterogenous |
| Mixture of metals | alloy |
| Separation of mixture | distillation filtration chromatography |
| uses difference in boiling points (salt water on desert island) | distillation |
| uses differences in size (funnel and filter paper) | filtration |
| uses differences in attractions | chromatography |
| one that a substance displays without changing its compositions | Physical property |
| one that a substance displays only through changing its composition | chemical property |
| transforms from one _______ of matter to another, such as from solid to liquid- are always physical properties | State changes |
| The atomic or molecular composition of a substance does not | change when substance displays its physical changes |
| The boiling point of water _____________________ is _______________ | a physical property 100 C |
| matter changes its appearance but not its composition | Physical change |
| matter does not change its composition resulting in a new substance | chemical change |
| matter undergoes a chemical change when it undergoes a ______________________ | chemical reaction |
| the substances present before the chemical change are called ______________ | reactants |
| the substances present after the change are called _________ | products |
| signs of chemical change | Heat light Gas produced (NOT FROM BOILING) bubbling Precipitate- a solid formed by mixing two liquids together rusting |
| Vaporization- ________________ | Physical change |
| Burning- __________________ | Chemical change |
| which are Physical and which are Chemical: Melting point Flammable density shape solubility tarnishes in air | physical chemical physical physical physical chemical |
| rusting iron dissolving in water burning a log melting ice grinding spices | chemical physical chemical physical physical |
| study of energy | thermodynamics |
| there is no new matter - matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction - during physical and chemical changes, the total amount of matter remains constant | Law of Conservation also known as First Law of Thermodynamics |
| In a _______________ reactions, the ________ of the reactants is always ______________ to the __________ of its ______________ | chemicals, total mass, equal, total mass, products |
| The behavior of matter is driven by | energy |
| energy is a major | component of our universe |
| energy is the capacity to do ______________ which is defined as the result of a force acting on a distance | work |
| understanding energy is critical to | understanding chemistry |
| - stored energy - due to positions or composition -position is due to gravity - composition is due to the attractive and repulsive forces in the molecule | Potential energy |
| - energy due to the motion of an object | Kinetic energy |
| the total energy of a sample matter is the sum of its _________________ and ________________________ | kinetic energy, potential energy |
| E= | KE+PE |
| The energy associated with the flow of electrical charge | electrical energy |
| the energy associated with the random motions of atoms and molecules in matter | thermal energy |
| a form of potential energy associated with the position of the particles that compose a chemical system | chemical energy |
| metric unit for energy - amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C | calorie (cal) |
| SI unit for energy - named after the English scientists James Joule (1818- 1889) who demonstrated that energy could be converted from one type to another as long as the total energy was conserved | joule (j) |
| 1 Cal= ___________ J | 4.184 |
| systems with high potential energy have a tendency to what | change in way that lowers thier potential energy |
| things with high potential energy are | unstable |
| - it take energy to ______________ - __________ is released when ____________ are formed | break, bonds energy, bonds |
| - part of universe focused on typically reaction in chemistry- molecules and elements reacting | systam |
| everything else (includes water if solutions are reacting) | surroundings |
| energy given off by the system must be equal | that taken in by the surroundings and vice versa |
| energy is released by the particles | exothermic reaction |
| energy is absorbed by the particles | endothermic reaction |
| STUDY DIAGRAMS | SLAY |
| The atoms and molecules that compose matter are always in | random motion |
| average kinetic energy of particles in sample | Temperature |
| energy flow Due to temperature difference - from high to low/ all energy moves from high to low | hear |
| Temperature scales | Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin |
| What is the relationship between Kelvin and Celsius | the Celsius and the kelvin degree are the same size |
| K= | C+273 (gases) |
| K HAS NOT ______________ SIGN | degree |
| science of measuring heat flow (transfer of energy) | Calorimetry |
| - amount of energy required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C | Specific heat |
| what is the unit for specific heat? | J/g C or J g-1 C-1 (denominator) Can substitute K for C |
| Specific heat are __________ for each substance, SIG FIGS- DONT USE FOR SPECFIC HEAT VALUE | unique |
| temperature formula | q= mc (_________C-_____________C) |
| q is m is c is t is | joules mass in grams stays constant change in temp (C) |
| Answer should always be as | J/GxC |
| Heat lost by system= | heat absorbed from surroundings |
| what is -q=q | -mcAT= mcAT |
| Metal final temp= | Water final temp |
| how do you find the difference of the heated metal | ending temperature of water- temperature metal is heated to |
| how do you find difference in temperature? | At=q/mxC Tf=At+Ti |
Created by:
astei
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