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chapter 6 - bones
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cartilage tendons ligaments bone | what is the skeletal system composed of |
| hyaline elastic fibrocartilage | 3 types of cartilage |
| hyaline cartilage | found on the ends of bones and is often the precursor for bone tissue |
| tendon | connects muscle to bone |
| ligaments | connects bone to bone |
| bone | main organ of the skeletal system |
| protection of vital organs mineral storage (Ca2+ and Po43-) and acid base homeostasis blood cell formation fat storage movement | functions of the skeletal system |
| red bone marrow | where does blood cell formation occur |
| yellow bone marrow | where does fat storage occur |
| movement | lever system for muscles |
| long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones sesamoid bones wormian bones | classification of bones (6) |
| sesamoid bones | bone found inside tendons |
| wormian bones | tiny bones between sutures (vary in number between individuals) |
| periosteum perforating fibers diaphysis epiphysis | structure/components of a long bone |
| diaphysis | shaft of the bone with a marrow cavity lined by the endosteum and filled with marrow |
| perforating fibers | collagen anchors that penetrate into bone matrix |
| periosteum | outer connective tissue membrane with blood vessles and nerves |
| epiphyses | ends of a long bone (filled with red marrow) covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage |
| compact bone spongy bone | bone types |
| compact bone | outer hardest layer of bone that allows bone to resist linear compresson and twisting forces |
| spongy bone | inner honeycomb like bone that provides a cavity for bone marrow |
| blood vessles | what are bone well supplied with |
| vessles in the periosteum that penetrate long bone | provides blood supply to short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones |
| 1 or 2 nutrient arteries | what else supplies long bones with blood |
| nutrient foramen | what is the small hole in the diaphysis that allows nutrient arteries to enter called |
| hematopoietic, bone marrow transplant | lukemia, sickle cell anemia, and aplastic anemia have improperly functioning ____ cells and can benefit from _____ |
| bone (osseus) tissue | composed of unique extracellular matrix with a small population of cells |
| inorganic matrix organic matrix | extracellular matrix composition |
| inorganic matrix | consisting mostly of Ca2+ and Po43- (hydroxapatite) crystals that make up about 60% of of the bones total weight |
| biocarbonate, potassium, magnesium, and sodium | other components of the inorganic matrix |
| organic matrix | consists of collagen fibers and other BCM components and makes up the remaining 35% of the bones total weight |
| true | true or false: bone is a dynamic tissue and is constantly remodeling |
| osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts | 3 types of bone cells control bone growth and remodling |
| stimulate formation of new bone tissue (ossification) produce collagen and proteoglycans produce matrix vessles | osteoblasts function |
| matrix vessles | stimulate more mineralization of the matrix, contains hydroxapatite crystals |
| completely surrounded matrix and occupy lacunae and canaliculi relatively inactive | osteocytes functions |
| recruit osteoblasts to build up or reinforce bone under tension (stress) | what can mature cells in osteocytes do |
| bone resorption large multinucleated cells that resemble jellyfish | osteoclasts function |
| bone resorption | process where cell secretes hydrogen ions and enzymes that break down bone matrix |
| ossification | process of bone formation that begins in the embryonic period |
| intramembranous and endrochondral ossification | what mechanism does ossification occur through |
| immature primary bone is formed first primary bone is broken down by osteoclasts and replaced with mature secondary bone | components of both (intramembranous and endrochondral) ossification processes |
| irregularly arranged collagen bundles | what is primary bone composed of |
| intramembranous ossification | takes place in connective tissue membranes formed from embryonic tissue |
| many of the skull bones parts of the mandible diaphyses of the clavicle | what does intramembranous ossification form |
| fontanels | large, unossified membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones |
| 1. development of primary ossification center 2. osteoblasts secrete matrix 3. formation of spongy bone 4. formation of compact bone | intramembranous ossification steps (in order) |
| step 1 of intramembranous ossification, development of primary ossification center | what step do chemical signals cause osteogenic cells to become osteoblasts, which secrete matrix |
| step 2 of intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts secrete matrix, which calcifies | osteoblasts become osteocytes; minerals are deposited into the matrix |
| step 3 of intramembranous ossification, formation of spongy bone | blood vessles grow into the matrix, which first form trabaculae |
| step 4 of intramembranous ossification, formation of compact bone | the periosteum grows over the trabeculae and produces compact bone |
| endochondrial ossification | takes place in hyaline cartilage |
| bones at the base of the skull part of the mandible epipyses of the clavicle | what does endochondral ossification form |
| begins during fetal development not complete until age 7 (some people 20s - mostly males) | when does ossification begin and end |
| development of the cartilage model | chemical signals cause chondroblasts (cartilage producing cells) to create a _____ |
| 1. chondroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts 2. primary ossification center forms 3. secondary ossification centers forms 4. ossification of epiphyses | endochondrial ossification steps |
| step 1 of endochondrial ossification - chondroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts | chondroblasts develop into osteoblasts which forms the periosteum |
| step 2 of endochondrial ossification - primary ossification centers forms | -osteoblasts produce bone on the external surface (called the bone collar) -internal cartilage begins to calcify & chondrocytes die |
| step 3 endochondrial ossification - secondary ossification centers forms | -nutrient arteries penetrate, developing bone -osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone -secondary ossification centers and medullary cavity form |
| step 4 of endochondrial ossification - ossification of epiphyses | remaining cartilage is replaced by bone and the epiphyses finish ossification |
| bone density measurement | how is osteoperosis diagnosed |
| inadequate organic matrix | in osteoperosis, why do bones become weak and brittle |
| increased risk of fractures with a decreased rate of healing | what does osteoperosis result in |
| calcium/vitamin D deficiency, female, advanced age, lack of estrogen in premenopausal women, genetic factors, and other diseases | causes of osteoperosis |
| longitudal growth | process in which long bones lengthen |
| the division of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate | what does longitudal growth involve |
| at the epiphysis on side closest to the diaphysis | where does bone growth take place |
| appositional growth | process in which bones grow in width |
| appositional growth | new bone tissue is deposited on the outer surface of the bone, and bone tissue lining the medullar cavity is destroyed by osteoclasts in the endosteum |
| size shape | what 2 parts of bone are determined genetically |
| protein, calcium, phosphorus vitamin D vitamin C | nutrition factors affecting bone growth |
| protein, calcium, phosphorus | necessary for bone growth |
| vitamin D | necesary for calcium absorption and retention |
| vitamin C | necessary for collagen synthesis |
| growth hormone thyroid hormone estrogen and testosterone | hormone factors affecting bone growth |
| growth hormone | stimulates bone growth |
| pituitary gland | master gland, attaches directly to the brain, #1 endocrine gland |
| thyroid hormone | required for growth of all tissues |
| estrogen and testosterone | cause growth at puberty and closure of epiphyseal plates |
| bone is stressed | in healthy bone of adults, bone formation and loss occur simultaniously unless... |
| osteoclasts, osteoblasts | bone breakdown by ____ matches bone formation by ___ |
| deposition, resorption | in childhood, _____ proceeds at a much faster rate than _____ (breaking down) until the ephiphyseal plates close and longitudal growth is complete |
| fracture hematoma forms fibrocartilaginous callus forms bony callus forms bone is remodeled | bone repair order |
| step 1 of bone repair: fracture hematoma forms | blood clot fills in between bone fragments |
| step 2 of bone repair: fibrocartilaginous callus forms | collagen and cartilage fill the area |
| step 3 of bone repair: bony callus forms | cartilage is replaced with compact bone |
| step 4 of bone repair: spongy bone is replaced with compact bone | spongy bone is replaced with compact bone |
| calcium | bone is the major storage site for ___ |
| movement of calcium into or out of the bone | what does the level of calcium in the blood depend on |
| parathyroid hormone | releases calcium from a bone |
| calcitonin | stores calcium in bone |
Created by:
kagreen13