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Macro Algae
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Most primary production is done by phytoplankton Seaweeds and flowering plants are major contributors and are found along coastal habitats. | 1. Multicellular Primary Producers |
| 2. Multicellular producers make up the inner continental shelf About 500 miles off the shore and 500ft deep Provide food to herbivores, detritus, habitats, cleans the water, stabilizes the sediments with its root like systems. | 2. Multicellular Primary Producers |
| Macro algae or Seaweed All have chlorophyll a!! Three main groups/Phylas | 1. Multicellular Algae |
| Macro algae or Seaweed All have chlorophyll a!! Three main groups/Phylas | 2. Multicellular Algae |
| Most are benthic Grow on a rock or stationary substance and are part of the ‘fouling community’--artificial surfaces Light and temperature are the two most important environmental factors. Other factors...wave action, surge, salinity concentration | Distribution |
| Remember Roy G Biv Light travels to different depths, for each color has more/less energy and longer/shorter wavelengths.---yellow, green, blue travel the deepest Chromatic adaptation: Red Algae--deepest due to absorbing green light | 1. Effects of Light |
| Brown Algae---intermediate depths Green---shallowest for absorbs blue and red Location of algae is affected by herbivores and competition | 2. Effects of light |
| Greatest diversity is located at the Tropics Many northern species are perennial(permanent---live at least 2year) | Effects of Temperature |
| Body called--Thallus---all the cells are photosynthetic Non-vascular(no roots, stems, or leaves) Flattened thallus is called Frond or Blade Holdfast---attaches seaweed to the surface of an object Stipe---stem like part between holdfast and thallus | Structure |
| Photosynthetic pigments All have chlorophyll a. Green-b, brown-c, rhodo-d Composition of their cell walls---most have cellulose, some have a calcareous wall. Nature of their food reserves | How to group the species |
| Asexually and sexually Alternation of Generation---go between asexual and sexual -Environmental factors affect AofG Asexual---fragmentation---piece breaks off and grows up big like mama | 1. Reproduction |
| -spore formation-green and brown have flagella and swim till they find A substrate to latch themself to. Sexual-gamete fusion and gametes are formed during gametophyte stage -sperm+egg->zygote->cell division->sporophyte Life in the sea is mostly br or rd | 2. reproduction |
| Diverse group of microbes and multicellular org Contain chlorophyll a and b..just like land plants MOST all freshwater microalgae is green. 4classes. 2 of the 4 are fresh water. --algal comp of lichen Brown and Red 99% marine | 1. Phylum Chlorophyta |
| ---3rd class Prasinophceans---earliest algae, marine phytoplankton ---4th class Ulvophyceae---Ulva---seaweed ---Seaweeds! ---1100 species ---makes up 13% of the chloros | 2. Phylum Chlorophyta |
| Important food source Help form the coral reefs Rapid growth in polluted waterMajority are unicellular Many marine have a coenocytic thallus ---one giant cell with one LARGE central vacuole surrounded by numerous nuclei. -nuclei divides but not the cell | 3. Phylum Chlorophyta |
| Examples: Valonia, caulerpa, Acetabularia, Codium(looks like a rope and self heals), halimeda, ulva Response to herbivory: Tolerance--rapid growth, and release many spores Avoidance--due to its small size, it can hide in many cracks/crevices deterrence. | 4. phylum chlorophyta |
| deterrence--CaCO3 in their cell wall(Halimeda and Acetabularia)...who wants to eat rocks when having lettuce. Reproduction: AofG Asexuall stage is the sporophyte stage(sporophytes--4 flagella) Sexual--gametophyte stage(gametes---2flagella) gametes fuse | 5. Phylum Chlorophyta |
| Primarily Marine!!---6,000 species, 98% Marine! Highest diversity among seaweeds Mostly in the Tropics but some high lat species Most are benthic and can be found up to 200m down...why? Contain chlorophyll a and d, but also the acc pig phyco’s | 1. PHylum Rhodophyta(Red Algae) |
| Phycoerythrins---abs blue/green light(high energy) Phycocyanin---abs some red May be various colors from yellow-->black due to the cyanins Almost all multicellular Less than a 1m | 2. Phylum Rhodophyta (red Algea) |
| Few body types: blade type(Porphyra), branching, and calcified version(looks like coral) Seasonal food for some herbivores Does not many toxins unlike the green algae Deterrence: just does not taste good and some have CaCO3 wall(coralline algae) | 3. Phylum Rhodophyta (red Algea) |
| Avoidance: little fellas find cracks and crevices Reproduction Haploid stage---gametophyte stage Diploid stage---sporophyte Life cycle---absence of flagella stage ---3 multicellular stages---2 sporo and 1 gametophyte | 4. Phylum Rhodophyta (red Algea) |
| Some are epiphyte(grows on other algae) Some are epizoic(grow on animals) Cell wall: cellulose, phycocolloids, protein cuticle Coralline algae: precipitates CaCO3 and cements loose coral together----called consolidation. It’s like the Halimeda of the G | 5. Phylum Rhodophyta (red Algea) |
| Human uses: Phycocolloids gelling properties---use it for agar in petri dishes carrageenan(thicken agent)---used to make ice cream, pudding Irish moss(Chondrus crispus)---small amts + milk=irish pudding Porphyra---Asian culture. | 6. Phylum Rhodophyta (red Algea) |
| Class Phaeophyceae Multicellular stramenopiles Can grow up to 100m, microscopic, macro--kelp, largest algae 1500 species, 99% marine Ex: rockweeds, kelp, sargassum weed Rare, but some are benthic---sargassum weed | 1. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) |
| ---sar. Weed starts life unattached to substrate Has the following pigments: chloro a, c, fucoxanthin, carotenoid ---the fuco pigment masks chloro a/c, making its color brown High abundance at temperate regions Rare in tropics Very diverse in NW and NE | 2. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) |
| --red most diverse, then brown, least diverse---green Structure: Thalli, holdfast, stipe(can grow more than 50m) Macro brown(kelp, sargassum ) have gas filled bladders(they help buoy the blade, so as to maximize light exposure. | 3. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) |
| Due to flexible flick stipe and phycocolloids, macro brown can withstand waves and rough seas. Macro brown(kelp) have trumpet cells---carry photosynthetic products to the lower stipe and holdfast which could be blocked from light. | 4. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) |
| Reproduction: Alternation of Generation: sporophyte(perennial stage) to gametophyte(annual) Giant Kelp the large thallus is the sporophyte stage Rockweed-special species, has eliminated the gametophyte stage. | 5. Phaeophyta Borwn ALgea |
| Sargassum---species of free floating(due to gas bladders) clumps living in the Sargasso Sea Uses: forests of kelp houses many organisms -the alginate(the phycocolloid in the cell wall is an important food additive -iodine from kelp | 6. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) |
| -Compensation depth--bottom pg158---enough light for | photosynthesis but not growth. |
| Perennial live at least | 2 years |
| What organelle photosynthesis occurs in | .chloroplasts |
| Excess sugar in northern latitude seaweed serves as an | antifreeze for it lowers the freezing pt. |
| NOT very costly to extract useful | substances from seaweeds. |
| Carposporophyte--Figure 7-7 and pg167 | remains in the female gametophyte |
| Seaweed is multicellular | MARINE ALGAE |
| 99% of ALL freshwater | algae is GREEN! |
| Most diverse, greatest number of species of algae, | tropics,most are benthic, deep dwellers--Rhodophytas(red) |
| Ochrophyta/Phaeophyceae(brown)--temperate regions, | largest algae, gas bladders, trumpet cells(act as vascular cells) |
Created by:
Johnsonnatalie