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General Parasitology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aberrant host | (also dead-end host) Host from which a parasite is unable to continue its life cycle; some development may occur but the parasite is unable to leave or to reach its next host |
| Abundance | Average number of parasites (of one species) per host (infected + uninfected) in a sample (= density) |
| Accidental parasite | (or incidental parasite) is a parasite that has entered or attached to the body of a species of host that is different to its usual one; they usually do not survive in the incorrect host |
| Acquired immunity | Also called adaptive immunity this mechanism of defense requires time for development and is specific to the foreign organism |
| Actinospore | Myxozoan life cycle stage infectious for the vertebrate host (often a fish) |
| Adaptive immunity | Also called acquired immunity, this mechanism of defense requires time for development and is specific to the foreign organism |
| Aggregated distribution | Most of the parasites occur in a relative minority of hosts and most hosts are either uninfected or lightly infected (a few infected individuals host most parasites and most individuals host no or a few parasites)(also called over dispersed distribution) |
| Autoinfection | Reinfection by a parasite (larval stages) without its leaving the host; involves movement of the parasite from one tissue to another (vs one host to another) |
| Bilharzia | Disease in humans caused by schistosome worms (also known as schistosomiasis) |
| Binary fission | Asexual reproduction during which numbers double regularly |
| Broad | If a parasite infects more than one host species, it is said to have this type of host specificity |
| Cercariae | Free-swimming transmission stage of trematodes; emerge from the invertebrate host and usually have a tail; often develop into a metacercariae |
| Cercomer | A posterior, knoblike attachment on a procercoid or cysticercoid; usually bears the oncospheral hooks |
| Coccidiocide | Anticoccidial drug that kills the parasite |
| Coccidiostat | A chemical agent added to animal feed (as for poultry) that serves to retard the life cycle or reduce the population of pathogenic coccidia to the point that disease is minimized and the host develops immunity |
| Coelozoic | Living in the lumen of a hollow organ, such as the intestine |
| Commensalism | A symbiotic relationship in which one partner benefits from the association but the host is neither helped nor harmed |
| Creeping eruption | (cutaneous larval migrans) A skin condition in humans caused by hookworm larvae; a zoonotic infection with hookworm species that do not use humans as a definitive host; the larvae cannot mature further and wander within the epidermis or deeper tissues |
| Ctenidia | A series of rather stout, peglike spines often found on a flea; the adaptation helps a flea retain itself among the fur or feathers of its host |
| Cutaneous larval migrans | (creeping eruption) Is a skin condition in humans caused by hookworm larvae; it is a zoonotic infection with hookworm species that do not use humans as a definitive host; the larvae cannot mature further and wander within the epidermis or deeper tissues |
| Cysticercus | Type of metacestode, with a fluid-filled bladder as the ‘tail’ |
| Dead-end host | (also aberrant host) host from which a parasite is unable to continue its life cycle; some development may occur but the parasite is unable to leave or to reach its next host |
| Definitive | Host in which sexual development and maturity of a parasite occurs; if there is no sexual reproduction in the life of the parasite, the host most important to humans is the definitive host. |
| Density of infection | Average number of parasites (of one species) per host (infected + uninfected) in a sample (= abundance) |
| Domestic | Part of a life cycle that involves domestic animals |
| Dysentery | Infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the feces |
| Ectoparasite | A parasite that lives on the surface of its host |
| Endoparasite | A parasite that lives inside its host |
| Epidemiology | The study of all ecological aspects of a disease to explain its transmission distribution prevalence and incidence in a population |
| Facultative parasite | (opportunistic parasite) an organism that is not normally parasitic but can become so when it inadvertently enters another organism; establishes a relationship with a host only if an opportunity arises, but is not physiologically dependent on doing so |
| Filariform | Third stage juvenile/larva of nematodes; infective to a definitive host |
| Gametocyte | Life cycle stage of Plasmodium ingested by a mosquito when it takes a blood meal from a human infected with malaria |
| Haptor | Attachment organ at the posterior end of a monogenean |
| Heirloom parasite | Parasite inherited from our primate ancestors in Africa |
| Hermaphrodite | An individual that contains reproductive systems of both sexes |
| Histozoic | Dwelling within the tissues of a host |
| Horizontal transmission | Transmission among members of the same generation |
| Hydatid | Type of metacestode with fluid-filled bladder |
| Hyperparasite | A parasite of a parasite |
| Hypobiosis | (another term for arrested development) Cessation of development which resumes in response to specific stimuli; enables parasite to survive adverse conditions |
| Incidence of infection | Number of new cases of infection per unit time |
| Incidental parasite | (or accidental parasite) Is a parasite that has entered or attached to the body of a species of host that is different to its usual one; they usually do not survive in the incorrect host |
| Innate immunity | Type of immunity that does not rely on prior exposure to a foreign organism |
| Intermediate | Host in which some development occurs, but not sexual maturity |
| Macroparasite | A large parasite that does not multiply in or on the host of interest |
| Mange | Dermatitis from an infestation of mites |
| Meront | In the life cycle stage of coccidians that undergoes asexual replication |
| Metacercaria | The encysted life cycle stage of digeneans (trematodes) infective to a definitive host |
| Metacestode | A juvenile cestode |
| Microfilariae | Relatively undeveloped first stage juvenile/larva of filaroid nematodes; released by the female instead of eggs; develop in the definitive host and are infective to the intermediate host |
| Microparasite | A small (or very small) parasite that multiplies within the host of interest |
| Miracidium | The life cycle stage of digeneans (trematodes) that infects (penetrates/enters) the first intermediate host; eggs hatch into this |
| Multiple fission | (or schizogony) Is asexual reproduction characteristic of some parasitic protozoans; the nucleus divides numerous times before division of the cytoplasm and many daughter cells ae simultaneously produced |
| Mutualism | A symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit from the association |
| Myiasis | The infection of a fly larva (maggots) in human tissue |
| Myxospore | Myxozoan life cycle stage infectious for the invertebrate host (often an annelid) |
| Narrow | If a parasite infects only one host species, it is said to have this type of host specificity |
| Obligate | A host that is required for a parasite to complete its life cycle |
| Obligate parasite | A parasite (most) that cannot complete its life cycle without spending at least part of that time in a parasitic relationship; may also have fee- living stages outside a host |
| Oocyt | Cystic form in Apicomplexa, resulting from sporogony; may be covered by a hard, resistant membrane |
| Opportunistic parasite | (facultative parasite) An organism that is not normally parasitic but can become so when they inadvertently enter another organism; it establishes a relationship with a host only if an opportunity arises, but is not physiologically dependent on doing so |
| Oviparous | A parasite that lays eggs |
| Parasitism | A relationship in which one member either harms its host or lives at the expense of the host |
| Paratenic host | Host in which no development occurs (remains alive and infective); also known as a transport host |
| Pediculosis | An infestation of lice |
| Paroxysm | Fever in malaria that follows the maturation of generations of merozoites and rupture of red blood cells (schizont burst); lasts 8-12 hours; symptoms : cold, nausea, vomiting, hot, headache and delirium; frequency and length differs by species. |
| Plerocercoid | Metacestode that develops from a procercoid; it usually shows little differentiation |
| Premonition | The natural acquired immunity of an existing infection in which chronic subclinically affected carriers may be resistant to reinfection or have reduced morbidity with new infections; animals cleared of infection are more susceptible to reinfection. |
| Prepatency | In filarial nematodes, the time before microfilariae are present |
| Prevalence of infection | Percent of a population or group of hosts that is infected at a given time |
| Procercoid | A cestode metacestode developing from a coracidium in some orders; it usually has a posterior cercomer |
| Proglottid | Each segment in an adult cestode (tapeworm) |
| Questing | The behavior ticks use to find a host whereby they hold onto plants and outstretch their first pair of legs |
| Rediae | Life cycle stage of trematodes produced by sporocysts (not produced by all species) |
| Reservoir host | An animal that harbors an infection that can be transmitted to humans |
| Resistant | Physiological status of a host prevents the establishment and survival of the parasite |
| Salivaria | Trypanosomes that are transmitted from the "anterior station" of their insect host; infective stages are in the insect's saliva and are inoculated into the next host during feeding. |
| Schizogony | (or multiple fission) Is asexual reproduction characteristic of some parasitic protozoans; the nucleus divides numerous times before division of the cytoplasm and many daughter cells ae simultaneously produced |
| Souvenir parasite | Parasite acquired from the animals with which we have come in contact during our evolution, migrations, and agricultural practices |
| Sparganosis | A parasitic infection in humans caused by cestode larvae or juveniles |
| Sparganum | A cestode plerocercoid |
| Sporocysts | Sac-like life cycle stage of trematodes; develops from a miracidium; may give rise to daughter sporocysts which, in turn, may each produce a generation of rediae; these then become filled with daughter rediae, which finally produce cercariae |
| Sporozoite | Life cycle stage injected into a human host by a plasmodium-infected mosquito when a takes a blood meal |
| Sporozoite | The parasite stage of piroplasms which is injected with saliva into the vertebrate host |
| Stercoraria | Trypanosomes that are transmitted from the "posterior station" of their insect host; the infective stages are passed in the feces of the insect during feeding. |
| Surgical maggots | Use of sterile maggots for the natural removal of necrotic and infected tissue |
| Susceptible | Immunological status of a host in which a parasite can become established |
| Sylvatic | Part of a life cycle that involves wild animals |
| Symbiosis | Interaction among organisms (usually different species) in which one organism lives with, in, or on the body of another |
| Tick paralysis | Paralysis that results from toxin (salivary neurotoxin) released during a tick bite |
| Tracheal migration (Part 1) | Following ingestion, eggs hatch in the host stomach, larvae penetrate the gut wall into the blood stream and are transported to the heart and lungs. They break out the capillaries and enter the alveoli. |
| Tracheal migration (Part 2) | The next step in tracheal migration, where hatched eggs molt into a third stage larva and ascend the bronchial tree and trachea to the pharynx. They are then coughed up and swallowed, go through two more molts and end up in the small intestine. |
| Transovarial transmission | In arthropod vectors when a pathogen is transferred from the female to its eggs |
| Transstadial transmission | In arthropod vectors when a pathogen is transferred from one developmental stage to another |
| Trophic transmission | Transmission of a parasite that takes advantage of the natural food web and natural predator/prey relationships,; note that the parasite must be within a host, it is not the consumption of a parasite alone. |
| Trophozoite | The active, feeding stage of a protozoan (in contrast to a cyst); also called vegetative stage |
| Trophic Transmission Example | the definitive host (predator) eats an infected intermediate host (prey) |
| Vector | Vehicle by which infections are transmitted from one host to another; are usually hosts required for the completion of a parasite’s life cycle |
| Vertical transmission | Transmission between generations e.g. parent to offspring |
| Viviparous | A parasite that is a live bearer |
| Warble | A swelling or abscess beneath the skin on the back of cattle, horses, and other mammals, caused by the presence of the larva of this fly by the same name, which has migrated through its host to this location |
| Wolbachia | The genus of bacteria that has a mutualistic relationship with filarial nematodes |
| Zoonosis | A disease in humans that usually develops in animals (the causative agent (parasite) is transmissible to humans); Disease usually of animals that is transmissible to humans |
| Zoonotic parasite | A parasite of animals that is transmissible to humans |
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PhantomThreads