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Chapter 3
CNA 113
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| central processing unit (CPU) | The _______________ is a single silicon-based electronic chip that makes your computer a computer. |
| microprocessor | The CPU also called the __________________. |
| external data bus (EDB) | For CPUs to communicate with devices, the 1s and 0s travel on the __________________. |
| binary | __________ a system where numbers and values are expressed in 0 or 1. |
| register | __________ store internal commands and data. |
| instruction set | All of the machine language commands that the CPU understands make up the CPU's ____________. |
| machine language | Commands such as 10000111 are called the microprocessor's _________________. |
| clock cycle | The CPU requires at least two _________ to act on a command, and usually more. |
| clock speed | The maximum number of clock cycles that a CPU can handle in a given period of time is referred to as its ___________. |
| clock wire | The bell on a real CPU is a special wire called the ___________. |
| system crystal | The ___________ determines the speed at which a CPU an the rest of the PC operate. |
| program | A set of commands is known as a ____________, which is a series of commands sent to a CPU in a specific order for the CPU to perform work. |
| bit | Each cell in the RAM spreadsheet is called a __________. |
| byte | Each row of 8 bits is called a ____________. |
| memory | Devices that in any way hold ones and zeros that the CPU accesses are known generically as _________. |
| random-access memory (RAM) | ____________ transfers and stores data to and from the CPU in byte-sized chunks. |
| dynamic RAM (DRAM) | Computer use ______________ for the main system memory. |
| memory controller chip (MCC) | The ____________ between the RAM and the CPU to make the connection. CPU needs to able to say which row of RAM it wants, and the __________ would handle the mechanics of retrieving that row of data fronm the RAM and putting it on the EDB. |
| address bus | The CPU needs a second set of wires called the ___________ in order to communicate with the MCC so that it can tell the MCC which line of code it needs. |
| Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) | ___________ also makes x86-64 architecture processors and designs the chips. |
| arithmetic logic unit (ALU) | The _____________ is the part of a computer's CPU that performs mathematical and logical operations. |
| Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) | The ______________ is a type of computer architecture. It's basically the design or blueprint for building the brains of many devices. |
| Arm Ltd. | ______________ a company that designs and licenses technology for computer processors, particularly the ARM architecture. |
| chip floorplan | The ____________ which shows how all the transistors and other physical parts of the CPU interconnect. |
| fabless semiconductor | AMD is a _________________ company, meaning it relies on another company to produce the physical processors. |
| fabrication | ________________ company puts all the designs into action an creates the physical CPU according to all the architecture and design specifications. |
| industry standard architecture (ISA) | ______________ is a set of rules and specifications that determined how different parts of a computer, like the CPU, memory, and expansion slots, should work together. |
| Intel | ____________ Corporate makes x86-64 architecture processors and designs the chip and handles the fabrication. |
| platform | The CPU ____________ refers to the combination of a computer's CPU and the underlying hardware and software technologies that support it. |
| x86-64 | _______________ is also commonly referred to as "AMD64" because AMD was one of the first to extend x86 architecture to 64 bits. |
| code name | CPU use _____________ to keep track of different variations within models. |
| throttling | Saving energy by making the CDPU run more slowly when deman is light is generally called ____________. |
| desktop | ________________ type of computer that is designed to sit on a desk. |
| mobile | _________ refers to things that can move or be easily carried from one place to another. |
| server | ____________ powerful computer that’s used to tore, manage, and share information or services with other computers, usually over a network like the internet. |
| 64-bit processing | Most new CPUs support _____________, meaning they can run a compatible 64-bit operating system. |
| virtualization support | Intel and AMD have built in support for running more than one operating system at a time, a process called _______________. |
| parallel execution | Modern CPUS can process multiple commands and parts of commands in parallel, known as _______________. |
| pipeline | Circuits are organized in a conveyer-belt fashion called ____________. Each stage does its job with each clock-cycle pulse, creating a much more efficient process. |
| floating point unit (FPU) | CPUs also have special circuitry to handle complex numbers, called the ________________. |
| wait state | Pipeline stalls aka ____________ because the RAM can't keep up with the CPU. |
| cache | ________ high-speed temporary storage area that holds frequently used information so that it can be accessed more quickly. |
| static RAM (SRAM) | CPUs come with built-in, very high speed RAM called ___________. |
| backside bus | A ______________ is like a communication pathway inside a computer that connects the CPU directly to the computer's memory or cache. |
| frontside bus | A ______________ is like a communication highway inside a computer that connects the CPU to other important parts of the computer, such as memory and peripheral devices like hard drives and graphics cards. |
| hyperthreading | __________ enabled the Pentium 4 too run multiple threads at the same time. It is like a way for your computer CPU to work more efficiently by pretending to be two separate CPUs. |
| multithreading | __________ is like having multiple workers in a factory who can perform different tasks simultaneously to get the job done faster. |
| dual-core | A ________ CPU has two execution units - two sets of pipelines - but the two sets of pipelines share caches and RAM. |
| integrated memory controller (IMC) | All current microprocessors have an ______________ moved from the motherboard chip into the CPU to optimize the flow of information into and out from the CPU. |
| multicore processing | ________________ is like having multiple brains in your computer working together to handle tasks more efficiently. |
| single-core | A ________ CPU has only one set of everything - execution units, one set of pipeline. |
| graphics processing unit (GPU) | The generic term for a video processor is a _______________. |
| NX bit | All modern processors employ the NX bit technology that enables the CPU to protect certain sections of memory. |
| heat sink | A ________ is a copper or other metal device designed to dissipate heat from whatever it touches. |
| zero insertion force (ZIF) | These socks are generically called ____________ which means you never have to use any force at all. |
| liquid cooling | ____________ works by running some liquid - usually water through a metal block that sits on top of your CPU, absorbing the heat. |
| thermal pad | Many heat sinks come with some thermal paste already on them in the form of a _____________. |
| thermal paste | Before inserting the heat sink, you need to add a small amount of _____________. |
| overclocking | People intentionally ran their systems at clock speeds higher than the CPU rated, this process is called __________. |
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