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BIOETHICS 2

TermDefinition
Refers to the area of right and wrong in the theory and practice of human behavior MORALITY
● An act done consciously by an individual who has these 3 elements: ○ Knowledge ○ Freedom ○ Deliberated HUMAN ACT
Actions beyond one’s consciousness ACT OF MAN
Done without knowledge, without consent, involuntary ACT OF MAN
● a practical and normative science based on reason which studies human acts and provides norms for its goodness and badness ETHICS
ETHICS based oN reason
Used to determine if an action is right or wrong ETHICS
systemized body of knowledge that can be used, practiced, and applied to human action PRACTICAL SCIENCE
PRACTICAL SCIENCE actions applicable to daily activities
establishes norms or standards for the direction and regulation of human actions NORMATIVE SCIENCE
● does not only rely on divine revelation REASON
investigates and analyzes facts REASON
performed with intellectual deliberation and freedom HUMAN ACTS
BRANCHES OF ETHICS ● bioethics ● health ethics ● professional ethics
encompasses everything that concerns life bioethics
also known as the ethics of medical care BIOETHICS
SCOPE OF BIOETHICS ● Initial stage ● Later stage
In Initial stage, bioethics was concerned with ethical problems associated with medical practice
from womb to tomb Initial stage
expanded to social issues related to health, animal welfare, and environmental concerns Later stage
STAGES OF HUMAN ISSUES AND QUERIES ● beginning of life ● middle of life ● end of life
EVOLUTION OF BIOETHICS I. MEDICAL ETHICS II. RESEARCH ETHICS III. PUBLIC POLICY
oldest phase of bioethical exploration MEDICAL ETHICS
formulation of ethical norms for the conduct of health care professionals in the treatment of patients MEDICAL ETHICS
Pledge for doctors HIPPOCRATIC OATH
HIPPOCRATIC OATH 1. no prescription of fatal drugs 2. rule out any form of abortifacient 3. no sexual relations between doctors and patient 4. moral significance of confidentiality or medical secrecy
the second phase in bioethical studies RESEARCH ETHICS
- refers to the use of humans as experimental specimens biomedical research
The darkest era of bioethics RESEARCH ETHICS
the “superman” philosopher who strengthened Hitler’s conviction that the German is the super race Friedrich Nietzsche
era where other lethal experiments made anatomical studies, drug testing experiments, & research THIRD REICH ERA
● humanize the cruel and barbaric nature of experiments ● takes into account the experimental objects’ consent (informed consent/decision/choice) NUREMBERG CODE
Contributions of nuremberg code respect of patients right thru informed consent
It is the third stage in the development of bioethical inquiry PUBLIC POLICY
emphasizes the participatory aspect of decision-making in a democratic set-up with regard to the formulation of public policies PUBLIC POLICY
Refers to the people’s effort/s involvement in the formulating public guidelines for both clinical cases & biomedical research PUBLIC POLICY
MAN’S THREEFOLD NATURAL INCLINATION ● Self-preservation ● just dealings with others ● propagation of our species
3 DETERMINANTS OF MORAL ACTION THE OBJECT THE CIRCUMSTANCE THE END OR PURPOSE
● that which the will intends directly and primarily ● could be a thing or a procedure ● the act itself THE OBJECT
there are conditions which, when superadded to the nature of the moral act, will affect its morality THE CIRCUMSTANCE
circumstances where it lightens up the immorality mitigating
circumstances where it worsens up the immorality aggravating
This circumstance has something to do with the special quality, prestige, rank, or excellence of the person involved in the moral act WHO?
This circumstance refers to the quantity or quality of the moral object WHAT?
This circumstance refers to the means used in carrying out the act BY WHAT MEANS
This circumstance indicates the manner in which the action is done. HOW
● Here we take end in the sense of end or purpose of the doer or agent ● affects the goodness or badness of an action or decision in a number of important ways THE END OR PURPOSE
individual actions are based upon a certain degree of innate moral virtue.
- virtue is an important trait of a good nurse Florence Nightingale-
implies virtue of character as nurses promise purity, faith, loyalty, devotion, trustworthiness, and temperance Nightingale Pledge
is the cornerstone of good nursing Good character
A nurse with virtue will act according to principle
believe that virtue can be practiced and learned, so we can learn through practice. Aristotle
THREE CRITERIA OF A VIRTUOUS CHARACTER 1. Virtuous acts must be chosen for their own sake 2. Choice must proceed from a firm and unchangeable character 3. Virtue is a disposition to choose the mean
FOCAL VIRTUES ● COMPASSION ● DISCERNMENT ● TRUSTWORTHINESS ● INTEGRITY
ability to imagine oneself in the situation of another COMPASSION
sensitive insights involving acute judgment and understanding resulting in a decisive action DISCERNMENT
a confident belief in the moral character of another person TRUSTWORTHINESS
soundness, reliability, wholeness, and an integration of moral characte INTEGRITY
one set of personal beliefs and attitudes about the truth, beauty and worth of any thought, object or behavior VALUES
are action oriented and give direction and meaning to one's life VALUES
are values internalized from the society or culture in which one lives. PERSONAL VALUES
are values acquired during socialization into nursing from codes of ethics, nursing experiences, teachers, and peers PROFESSIONAL VALUES
Is a respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations Human Dignity
refers to adherence to moral norms that is sustained overtime Integrity
Is the right to self determination. considered to be an important criterion in judging professional status Autonomy
s a concern for the welfare and well being of others Altruism
is acting in accordance with fair treatment regardless of economic status, race, ethnicity, age , citizenship,disability or sexual orientation Social Justice
employing safety and competence for the welfare of the patient Safe & competent
-strive to maintain health practices both mind and body; so that he/she can Health & well –being
a person who values the self as well as respect for the rights of others as human being Dignity
this is a deontological virtue; which places a duty on one individual to another; it is about keeping information secret and private Confidentiality
CORE VALUES OF NURSING Human Dignity Integrity Autonomy Altruism Social Justice
UNIVERSAL BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLE A. Autonomy B. Veracity C. Beneficence D. Nonmaleficence E. Fidelity F. Justice
this principle marks the significance of individual autonomy which mandates a strong sense of personal responsibility for one’s own life. AUTONOMY
ELEMENTS OF AUTONOMY ● Person should be respected ● He should be able to determine his personal goals ● He should have the ability to decide on plans of actions ● He should have the freedom to act upon his choice
PATERNALISM is from greek word ________ which means _______ pater or paternos; being fatherly
the act of being fatherly to someone as if the latter was one’s offspring PATERNALISM
PATERNALISM violates the principle of autonomy
TYPES OF PATERNALISM With regards to recipient’s welfare a. Pure paternalism b. Impure paternalism
justifies interventions into a person’s life for the sole welfare of that person Pure paternalism
TYPES OF PATERNALISM not only for the welfare of that person but also for others Impure paternalism
TYPES OF PATERNALISM With regards to recipient’s defects and safety a. restricted paternalism b. extended paternalism
support intervention which overrides and individual’s action because of some defects or weaknesses restricted paternalism
an individual is restricted from doing something because it is too risky or dangerous extended paternalism
patient’s values are used to justify the intervention soft paternalism
patient’s values are not used to justify paternalistic acts hard paternalism
the individual who should receive the said benefit is the one whose values are disregarded for his own good direct paternalism
a particular individual will benefit if he is restricted from doing something indirect paternalism
TYPES OF PATERNALISM With regards to patient’s sense of values a. soft paternalism b. hard paternalism
TYPES OF PATERNALISM With regards to the recipient of the benefit a. direct paternalism b. indirect paternalism
when an individual decides on the basis of his best knowledge and capacity for the good of another person Personal paternalism
refers to the control exerted by the legislature, agency, or any governmental bodies over a particular practice and procedure State paternalism
relates to a process by which patients are informed of the possible outrcomes, alternatives, and risks of treatments, and patients are required to give their consent freely Right to informed consent
FUNCTION OF INFORMED CONSENT 1. To avoid Fraud and duress a. About false statements 2. To encourage self-scrutiny by professionals 3. To foster rational decision making 4. To involve the larger society in the debate
ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT ● Competence ● Disclosure ● Comprehension ● Voluntariness
ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT where it refers to a patient's capacity for decision-making Competence
ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT where it refers to the content of what a patient is told or informed about during the consent negotiation Disclosure
ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT where it refers to whether the information given has been understood Comprehension
ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT where it refers to the consent must be from his own free will without being forced Voluntariness
refers to the necessary information of and understanding so a genuine deliberation is carried out before making moral decision on a medical treatment Right to informed decision
The patient has the right to be informed about all possible alternative courses of action to be taken, together with the possible consequences. Right to informed choice
the patient has the right to refuse treatment to the extent permitted by law and to be informed of the medical consequences of his action. Right to refuse treatment
The patient as an autonomous individual has the moral right to determine what is good for himself, usually upon the advice of a health care provider Right to Self- Determination
The process by which people with the legal right to consent to medical treatment for themselves or for a minor or a ward delegate that right to another person. Proxy Consent
kulang limitations of patient's rights read
Created by: ah_jusyyy
 

 



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