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Motor Organization
PSYCH 351B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain the general organization of the motor systems | Diagram |
| Feedback loop pathways | Among cortex, brain stem, thalamus, pons, cerebellum, & basal ganglia |
| Motor output pathways | Cortex and brain stem to spinal cord |
| Efferent | —>out |
| Afferent | <— in |
| Excitatory input vs inhibitory | Helps us regulate Refer to diagram |
| Primary motor cortex Secondary motor cortex Tertiary cortex | Precentral division Premotor division Prefrontal division |
| What is somatosensory association cortex | Parietal association cortex Secondary somatosensory area (in parietal operculum) |
| Left vs right Somatosensory vs motor | Left= somatosensory -leg, hip, head, hand, thumb, eye, jaw, etc Right= motor -knee, shoulder, brow |
| Primary motor cortexx | Connects w cerebellum, basal, thalamus, secondary m.c. Lesions are area specific( paralysis, weakness of limb, body movement) M1-foot hip trunk arm hand face tongue larynx |
| Secondary M.C Supplemental motor area Face motor area L- Broca’s area R-Corresponding Broca’s | Integration of motor skills and learned motor programs Involved in arousal level, invitation (triggering) of responses Patterning of speech, damage disrupts prod of speech, multiple deficits: stutter Premotor and beyond Planning speech, rhythm, music |
| What are the prefrontal areas (tertiary areas) | Where posterior info comes 2/3 is from post tertiary areas Pathways to basal, thalamus, brainstem Where already integrated info enters ongoing activity: attends, formulates, integrates, modifies, judges, monitors, executes all activity |
| What would damage to PFC do | Associated w difficulties in voluntary action, movement initiation, and executive dysfunctions |
| Specification vs selection | Diagram |
| What is the corticospinal tract | Search |
| Upper motor neurons function | Carry motor system outputs from the cortex to lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord |
| Lower motor neuron function | Synapse w upper motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord and project to peripheral muscles |
| Lateral corticospinal tract | Controls movements in extremities Most important descending motor pathway in n.s. U.m.n originate mainly in p.m.c. U.m.n synapse onto lower m.n (& intern) in ventral horn of spinal cord 3% corticos. U.m.n. Are giant Betz cells, largest in human body |
| Corticobulbar tract | Projections from cortex to brainstem (bulb): face Leg->trunk>arm->face |
| Corticospinal fibers | 85% cross over at the pyramidal decussation: lateral corticospinal tract 15% remain in same side: anterior corticospinal tract |
| Upper motor neuron vs lower motor neuron lesions | Babinski’s sign Normal response (toes down) Extensor response (toes up) = babinskis sign |
| What is ipsilateral | Symptoms are on same side |
| What is the basal ganglia | Collection of nuclei in forebrain Caudate nuc + putamen = corpus striatum Glibus pallidus Subthalamic nuc Substantia nigra |
| Explain the function of basal ganglia | Connect w midbrain, dicephalon, thalamus, many cortical areas Sends fibers to m.c Links much of rest of cortex to m.c. Likely acts as a modulator of m.c. |
| What is GABA | Inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| What are disorders of the basal ganglia | Parkinson’s Huntington’s Extrapyramidal disorders (those disorders not effecting motor fibers to the spinal cord [pyramidal fibers]) |
| What are the two classes of disorders of basal ganglia | Hypokinetic-rigid syndrome: Parkinson’s disease Hyperkinetic-systolic syndromes: Huntingtons disease -excess motor activity |
| What is Parkinson’s symptoms | Median age of onset is 55 yrs Difficulty to initiate movement Slowness of movement Stiffness Shaking @ rest Postural imbalance |
| Explain Parkinson’s neuropathology | Degeneration & loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra Formation of neuronal inclusions called Lewy bodies |
| Dopamine 1 and dopamine 2 | Dopamine 1 = direct pathway Dopamine 2 = indirect pathway |
| What are the symptoms of huntingtons disease | Severe MOTOR impair 1. Chorea: 2. Rigidity Progressive loss of MENTAL abilities 1. Decreased ability concentrate 2. Dec ab 2 perform daily tasks 3. Deteri of judgem & mem PSYCHIATRIC problems 1. Personality changes 2. Depression 3. Dementia |
| Explain Huntington’s Neuropathology | Dysfunction & death neurons: 60% reduction in striata’s area 20% red in cortical 30% red brain weight Hypothalamus also affected |
Created by:
Mackenziee.Carroll