Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Infectous d terms2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The presence of bacteria in the blood. | Bacteremia |
| An arthropod vector in which the disease-causing organism multiplies or develops within the arthropod prior to becoming infective for a susceptible individual. | Biological vector |
| A disease that may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between individuals by an infectious agent. | Communicable |
| The act of introducing pathogens (disease germs) or infectious material into or on an inanimate object. | Contamination |
| A disease that is continuously present in a given population/region but has low mortality. | Endemic The common cold would be an example of a disease that is continuously present in a population. |
| Organism disorder caused by an infectious agent already present in the body. | Endogenous infection |
| A thick-walled body produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive unfavorable environmental conditions and develop into new vegetative cells; characteristic of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium. | Endospore |
| A bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium that is freed only when the bacterium cell producing it disintegrates/is broken down; found only in a gram-negative bacteria. | Endotoxin |
| An infectious disease or condition that is currently in higher than normal numbers in a given population. Appearance of an infectious disease or condition that attacks many people at the same time in the same geographical area. | Epidemic We commonly hear about flu (influenza) epidemics each year when cases spike to higher-than-normal numbers in a community. |
| Originating outside an organ or part; a form of infection caused by a pathogen or agent not normally present in the body. | Exogenous infection |
| A bacterial toxin produced by a microorganism within a living cell and excreted into its surrounding medium, generally protein in nature. | Exotoxin |
| One in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body. | Focal infection |
| Any inanimate object that harbors a disease agent and may serve to transmit it. | Fomite |
| An infection that involves the whole body | General infection ; also known as Systemic Infection. |
| A disease caused by microorganisms, especially those that release toxins or invade body tissues; the state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious | Infection |
| An infection confined to one area of the body. | Local infection |
| A living organism capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body parts or surfaces. | Mechanical vector |
| Infection caused by two or more organisms. | Mixed infection |
| The microbial population that lives with the host in a healthy condition; microorganisms that have become established in a given area; e.g. those organisms that have found a permanent home in some area of the human body. | Normal flora |
| An epidemic that has become very widespread or is worldwide. | Pandemic The COVID-19 virus quickly became a pandemic in 2020. |
| The state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease; ability of a microorganism to cause disease. | Pathogenicity |
| An original infection from which a second infection originates. | Primary infection |
| Infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection; infection occurring in a host already suffering from an infection. | Secondary infection |
| Condition characterized by the presence of bacteria in the blood. condition characterized by the MULTIPLICATION of bacteria in the blood. | Septicemia |
| A disease which occurs occasionally in a random or isolated manner. | Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a disease that, in the U.S., occurs at a rate of roughly 1 to 1.5 cases per 1 million population per year. |
| The presence of toxins in the blood. Blood distribution throughout the body of poisonous products of bacteria growing in a focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms. | Toxemia |
| A poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial, or fungal origin. | Toxin There are two general types of toxins that can make bacteria more virulent: 1. Exotoxin - 2. Endotoxin |
| An organism that, due to its own virulence, is able to produce disease. Real or genuine disease producing organism. | True pathogen |
| Relative power of an organism to produce disease. the degree to which they can cause disease); it is affected by many factors. | Virulence |
| Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism; reducing or abolishing pathogenicity. | Attenuation |
| A tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain, and sometimes a loss of function. | Inflammation |
| body's overall defense against disease in general. | Resistance here are some people who seem to be sick all the time and others who rarely get sick. Those who are rarely sick have developed a high resistance to a broad category of diseases. |
| This is a specific defense of the body to protect against a specific disease. | Immunity For example, certain people are immune to poison ivy and can walk through it without developing any rash or other adverse reactions. |
| body's inability to ward off disease. | Susceptibility For example, AIDS patients are often susceptible to pneumonia (and a host of other diseases) because of their weakened immune system |
| Skin 2. Cilia and mucous membranes | A. Mechanical defenses |
| a. Inflammation is a tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by these five cardinal signs: | b. Localized heat, swelling, redness, pain, loss of function |
| very few pathogens can survive higher body temperatures (102 - 104 degrees F.) | Fever |
| the engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other material by cells known as phagocytes. | Phagocytosis |
| Physiological defenses | inflammation: 2. Fever - 3. Phagocytosis |
| enzyme secreted by the body that breaks down the cell wall of the invading pathogen. | Lysozyme |
| low pH destroys most pathogens that reach the stomach. | Gastric juice |
| interferes" with a virus' ability to replicate inside the body. | Interferon |
| C. Chemical defenses | Lysozyme b. Gastric juices 2. Interferon 3. Antibody |
| is a glycoprotein substance developed by the body in response to, and interacting with, an antigen | antibody ; also known as immunoglobulin. |
| is a foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that react specifically with it. | antigen |
| the ability to fight off disease having never been exposed to the antigen or antibody; you are usually born with this type of immunity. | Innate (Natural) immunity |
| you must either form the antibodies yourself or be given them from an artificial source (e.g. an injection.) | Acquired (Adaptive) immunity |
| the host receives the antigen or antibody from natural means. | Naturally-acquired immunity: the host receives the antigen or antibody from natural means. |
| having the disease and recovering from it. | Active Having chickenpox and recovering from it, which creates a natural immunity from there on, is the classic example of naturally-acquired active immunity. |
| placental transfer of antibodies and from colostrum (the first secretion from mammary glands after birth, rich in antibodies.) | Passive |
| the host receives the antigen or antibody by artificial means (in other words, from a needle injection.) | Artificially-acquired immunity |
| the antigen is transferred through a vaccine and triggers the body to create antibodies; this is a stronger artificial immunity that lasts much longer than the passive type | Active |
| Most vaccines utilize a microbe that has undergone the process of attenuation (dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism; reducing or abolishing pathogenicity.) | attenuated microbe then stimulates the production of antibodies in the person who receives the vaccination. This is how the Hepatitis B vaccination works. |
| the antibody ITSELF is directly transferred to the sick person through a serum. Because the antibodies are introduced directly (i.e. the body did not create them), this is the weaker type of artificial immunity with a much shorter duration. | Passive |
| A vaccine creates immunity that is generally longer lasting than a serum. | t |
| a form of infection caused by a pathogen or agent not normally present in the body. | Exogenous infection |
| organism disorder caused by an infectious agent already present in the body. | Endogenous infection |
| The bacteria forms a spore when conditions become adverse. | Sporulating stage |
| The endospore germinates and begins growing as the normal bacteria. i.e. Germination | Vegetative stage |
| a. Anytime a person breathes in or out, microbes may move through the air into the airway. This is most common when a host is coughing, sneezing, etc. and air is passed out of the respiratory system. | 2. Droplet spray |
| As you can see, the droplets (less than five microns) do not travel far (usually less than 1m), so this type of transmission can only happen with direct person-to-person contact. | t |
| a. The transfer of a microbe from mother to infant in utero. | Congenital |
| over greater distances (i.e. not person-to-person) | Air This can be aerosolized particles from a person or it can be in the form of spores such as the Coccidioides immitis fungus that causes Coccidioidomycosis (also known as Valley Fever.) |
| some dirt contains microbes (usually in their sporulating form - e.g. C. perfringens) | Soil |
| a disease that can be transmitted from an animal to a person (e.g. rabies, Lyme disease) | Zoonosis |
| any agent that carries a disease from one host to another; may be animate (e.g. fly/mosquito) or inanimate (drinking cup or pencil). An inanimate vector is usually referred to as a fomite. | Vector |
| a. Biological vector transmission | *The microbe develops inside an insect which then bites a host (e.g. a mosquito bite) thereby infecting the (human) host. |
| b. Mechanical vector transmission | *An insect simply carries the microbe on the outside of its body; the microbe may or may not reproduce when transferred mechanically. |
| However, when our resistance (our overall ability to fight off disease) becomes compromised (e.g. not getting enough sleep, not drinking enough fluids), these can then cause problems. | normal flora |
| certain strains of Clostridia, Streptococcus, already inhabit our bodies. Our bodies normally keep these bacteria in check; however, if we become immuno-compromised, these bacteria already in our body can begin to multiply and cause disease. | Endogenous infection |
| would be stepping on a rusty nail and contracting the Clostridium tetani bacillus (via the wound), which causes the disease tetanus. C. tetani is a microbe not normally found in our bodies. | Exogenous infection |
| diseases do not spread from person-to-person (e.g. tetanus, which can only be contracted from a fomite such as a rusty nail.) | Non-communicable |
| coating that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria, protect against phagocytosis microbe from antimicrobial agents; this is referring to phagocytes primary antimicrobial agent involved in phagocytosis | Capsule |
| Examples would be shaking hands (casual) or sexual intercourse (intimate.) | Physical contact |
| - person-to-person contact/transmission | . Direct transmission |
| generally involves a fomite or other inanimate object (e.g. food)water or other drinks | Indirect Transmission |
| microbes that are harmed by air and light/sunlight(i.e. not resistant to air and light) are transmitted by direct contact or biological vector transmission; in other words, they are transmitted in intimate ways that minimize their exposure to air or light | In a similar way, microbes that are transmitted by indirect contact or mechanical vector transmission are resistant to air and light |
| Portals of entry/exit | Skin B. Respiratory tract C. Digestive tract D. Genitourinary tract E. Placenta F. Vehicles of exit 1. Bodily fluids, secretions, and blood |
| You either form the antibodies yourself or be given them from an artificial source | Acquired (Adaptive) immunity |
| Placental transfer of antibodies and from colostrum | Naturally-acquired passive immunity |
| The ability to fight off disease having never been exposed to the antigen or antibody | Innate (Natural) immunity |
| Having the disease and recovering from it | Naturally-acquired active immunity |
| The antibody ITSELF is directly transferred to the sick person through a serum | Artificially-acquired passive immunity |
| The antigen is transferred through a vaccine and triggers the body to create antibodies | Artificially-acquired active immunity |
| Vaccines | Artificially-acquired ACTIVE immunity Relatively slow build up of antibodies Generally long-lasting Disease prevention |
| Serums | Artificially-acquired PASSIVE immunity Relatively quick build up of antibodies Generally short term Disease treatment |
| Damage human tissue | Enzymes |
| Causes blood to clot Found in connective tissue (e.g. skin) Helps bacteria penetrate into connective tissue and spread | Hyaluronidase |
| Digests fibrin threads in clotting blood | Fibrinolysin |
| Causes blood to clot | Coagulase |
| Helps bacteria colonize in skin/sebaceous glands (S. aureus) | Lipase |
| Humans infected with the disease Need for Universal Precautions | ALL HUMAN REMAINS ARE POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS!!! |
| Microbes that are harbored in the environment will generally possess a spore which enables them to live outside of the host in adverse conditions. l | Water and soil |
| the first secretion from mammary glands after birth, rich in antibodies. | Colostrum |
Created by:
jcowing