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English_III_Rhetoric
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parrallelism | similarity in structures in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. |
| Isocolon | It's parallelism not in the sense of the words, but in the language itself. It involves the repetition of a similar group of syllables one after another to establish a rythmn. |
| Antithesis | The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas when put together in a similar structure. Emphasizes dissimilarities and contraries; produces the quality of an aphorism |
| Anastrophe | The reversing of a structure of a certain phrases for the creation of surprise and emphasis. |
| Paranthesis | Insertion of some verbal unit in order to create breaks in the syntactical flow of the sentence, creating a more charged sentence with emotion. |
| Ellipsis | the deliberate omission of a word or of words which are readily implied by the context. An artful and arresting means of securing economy of expression. |
| Anadiplosis | The repetition of a the last word in the preceding clause in the new clause. |
| Climax | The organizational structure of phrases where the last word is more important than the last clause. |
| Antimetabole | The reversing of a structure of words to create a highlight in the words itself to produce an impressive turn in the phrase. |
| Chiasmus | The reversal of a grammatical structure to create a rhythmic effect, which can also change into emotion. |
| Polyptoton | the repetition of the words from the same root. Similar to word play, but this can create a charged effect that might prove a point, and the words do not lose their literal meaning. |
| Similes | The comparison of two objects with the use of "like" or "as" |
| Metaphor | The comparison of two things without the use of "like" or "as" |
| Asyndeton | The deliberate removal of conjunctions between a series of related clauses. This produces a hurried rhythm in the sentence(it makes it seem rushed) |
| Polysyndenton | The complete opposite of asyndenton, it's the addition of conjunctions between a series of related clauses. This produces a hurried rhyme. |
| Anaphora | The repetition of a same word or a group of words at the beginnings of successive clauses. As it is always used deliberaltey, this scheme established a marked rythmn and often produces a strong, emotional effect. |
| Epanalepsis | the repitition at the end of a clause of the word that occured at the beginning of the clause. Gives language an appearance of emotional spontaneity. |
| Epistrophe | repetition of the same word or group or words at the ends of successive clauses. Always used deliberately, this scheme helps to establish a marked rhythm and often produces a strong, emotional effect. |
| Apostrophe | addressing an absent person or a personified abstraction. Apostrophe imbues its subject with an emotional charge just as personification does(it's just as powerful). |
| Synechdoche | a figure of speech where a part stands for a whole |
| metonymy | substitution of the actual name of an object to something that is attributive or suggestive as to what it is. |
| Anthimeria | The substitution/repetition of one part of speech for another. For an example, in the notes the nouns are being used as verbs. There are many examples found in Shakespeare's plays. Writers today must seldom use anthimeria and with great discretion. |
| Antanaclasus | Repetition of a word in two different senses |
| Paranomasia | use of words alike in sound, but different in meaning. |
| Hyperbole | An overstatement created for dramatic effect. |
| Periphrasis | the substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name. |
| Zeugma | like syllepsis. However, the single word in syllepsis is grammatically and idiomatically compatible with both of the other words that it governs, yet Zeugma only fits one of the pair. It is NOT a pun. It can display wit, but is often a failed ellipsis. |
| Irony | the opposite use of word to convey the opposite meaning to the literal meaning of the word. One needs to be careful, it may be just a direct interpretation. |
| Sarcasm | Witty language used to convey insults or scorn |
| Rhetorical Questions | asking a question- not for the purpose of eliciting a response from the reader- but to clearly illustrate one's argument and provide more direct answers. They can be very effective as persuasive devices because they can guide a reader to a response. |
| Paradox | A phrase that is contradictory to itself, but nonetheless has an element of truth to it. It is kind of like oxymoron in that is juxtaposes the meaning of two idea, but not just two words. |
| Litotes | deliberate use of an understatement. Not to deceive someone, but to enhance the magnitude of what is being said. |
| Oxymoron | The contrasting of two terms that are very different in definition to produce a new meaning. |
| Onomatopeia | A verbal exclamation or sound. |
| Alliteration | repetition of the initial or medial constants in two or more adjacent words. It's sometimes used for humorous effect and is euphonious. |
| Assonance | The repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in stressed syllables and adjacent words. Produces euphonious, onomatopoetic, or humorous effect. |
| Personification | the attribution of human attributes to an object. |
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