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Chem test 1
chapters 1,2,3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | has both mass and volume |
| Mass | the measure of the amount of matter in it |
| Weight | force of gravity that is exerted on a certain object, changes from place to place. |
| Law of Conservation of matter | No change in the total quantity of matter when matter converts from one type to another. |
| Pure substance | Has a constant composition, substances have the exact same makeup and properties |
| Density | mass/volume measure of the hardness of the substance mass per volume |
| Elements | pure substances that cannot be broken down further |
| Compounds | Two or more elements in a fixed definite proportion pure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes |
| Mixture | two or more types of matter that can be separated by physical changes (evaporation, filtration..) |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | has layers within the mixture |
| Homogeneous Mixture | AKA solution, uniform composition and looks the same through out |
| Particles | 1.atoms 2.molecules 3.ions |
| Atoms | microparticles, unstable. invisible |
| molecules | formed with similar or different atoms |
| Ions | charged patricles, Cation(+) and Anion(-) |
| Chemical Equation | 1. reactants 2. direction 3. products |
| Physical change | use senses to see color, smell, taste, state no change in composition easy and temporary process |
| Chemical Change | Using chemical tests to find out properties irreversible change composition changes |
| sublimation | changes from solid to gas without liquid |
| deposition | changes from gas to solid without liquid |
| solution | solid dissolves in a liquid, homogenous mixture has minimum energy |
| solute | minor component in a solution (solid) |
| solvent | major component in a solution (liquid) |
| types of solutions | 1.based on nature of the solute 2.based on amount/quality of solute |
| covalent compound | molecular solution |
| ionic solute | ionic solution |
| E1+E2 ->E3 | solution, e1+e2 have more energy than e3 |
| Factors favoring dissolution | 1.energy factor (lesser the internal energy, the higher the stability.) 2. Entropy factor (solid dissolves to form a solution, disorder((or entropy)) decreases ) |
| In a spontaneous process.. | there will be an increase in entropy |
| 2 parts of measurement | unit and number part |
| mega- | stepping up a million times |
| kilo- | up a thousandth |
| giga- | up a billion |
| tera- | up a trillion |
| deci- | down a 10th |
| centi- | down a 100th |
| milli- | down a 1000th |
| micro- | down a millionth |
| nano- | down a billion |
| pico- | down a trillionth |
| to find volume | mass/density |
| to find mass | volume times density |
| to find density | mass/volume |
| convert Celsius to Fahrenheit | f=1.8 x C + 32 |
| convert Celsius to kelvin | K=C + 273.15 |
| convert Fahrenheit to Celsius | C= F-32/1.8 |
| addition and subtractor significant figures rule | round the result to the same number of decimal places as the number with the least number of decimal places |
| multiplication and division significant figures | round the result to the same number of sig figs as the smallest amount of sig figs in the equation. |
| nutreal atom | same number of protons and electrons |
| nuculues | center part of an atom contains the protons and neutrons |
| n=1 | 2 electrons |
| n=2 | 8 electrons |
| n=3 | 18 electrons |
| atomic number (z) | identification numbers, shows number of protons and electrons . (remember, in a nutreal atom the number of protons match the number of electrons ) |
| mass number (A) | number of protons + number of neutrons |
| cations | (+) 3 or less elecyron is lost, causing the element to have an enbalance and more protons than electrons. metal atoms |
| cations and anions | can lose or gain up to 3 electrons |
| anions | (-) 3 or less electron is gained causing element to have an enbalace or more electrons than protons. non metal atoms |
| bigger than the atom | anions |
| smaller than the atom | cations |
| isotope | when atoms of the same element have a diffrent number of nuerons (changes the mass) chemically the same but physically diffrent |
| valance elctrons | control chemical reactions |
| in literature | z and a are flipped |
| weighted average equation | rep mass(abundance)+ rep mass2 (abundance2) |
| weighted average | considers abundance percentage . |
| e levels | n1,n2,n3 |
| sublevels | in the e levels.. l is symbol 0,1,2,3 |
| electronic configuration | arranging electrons in thier sublevels and main levels |
| formula for finding e capacity | 2n^2 |
| s | 2 e- |
| b | 6e- |
| d | 10e- |
| f | 16e- |
| octect rule | when the valence shell has 8 elctrons the atom is stable |
| inversion of order | 4s<3d. fill up s first and then fill in d |
| period shows (horizontal) | number of shells |
| groups have(vertical) | same type of properties and # of valance electrons |
| ionization energy bottom to top in a group | increases |
| ionization energy across left to right period of elements | increases |
| atomic radius moving down a group | increase by one |
| atomic radius moving down left to right a period | decreases |
| weight of a proton | 1 amu |
| weight of a electron | about 0 amu |
| weight of a neutron | 1 amu |
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