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mutations
definitions and descriptions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nondisjunction | Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. |
| DNA base sequence | A chain of repeating units or building blocks known as DNA nucleotides containing one of four different bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) arranged in a particular pattern. (A-T) (C-G) |
| Monosomy | Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number |
| Haploidy | when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes. A normal eukaryote organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each parent. However, after meiosis, the number of chromosomes in gametes is halved. |
| Diploidy | the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes |
| Triploidy | when an organism has three copies of every chromosome instead of two |
| Tetraploidy (4n) | four sets of chromosomes |
| Anuploidy | only one copy of the chromosome |
| -turners syndrome, x chromosome | |
| variation | The variety of different types of genes in a species or population is known as genetic ______ |
| Allele | Different forms of a gene |
| allele | how often a form of a gene appears in a gene pool is know as the ______ frequency |
| drift | A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection is called genetic ______ |
| Trisomy | a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities. |
| Down | a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup is called the _____ syndrome |
| tumor | mass of rapidly dividing cells that results from a mutation in a gene or protein that regulates cell growth |
| gene | The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder is known as ___ therapy |
| Cyberknife | combination of MRI and CT imaging technology that uses precisely aimed radiation to treat cancers |
| Proto-oncogenes | the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for normal cell growth and division |
| Oncogenes | genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction |
| suppressor | tumor _____ genes make proteins that stop cell division and kill cells |
| growth factors | Regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate. |
| Point mutation deletion | A genetic mutation in which one base is omitted or left out; A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed. |
| insertion | A type of point mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene; one base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence. The bases are still read in groups of three, but now those groupings shift in every codon that follows the mu |
| inversion | A mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed; reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome. |
| translocation | The process in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome; occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another. |
| mutagen | A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation. |
| mutation | An alteration in DNA structure or sequence of a gene; heritable changes in genetic information. |
| frameshift mutation | A mutation caused by an insertion or deletion of base pairs in a gene sequence in DNA such that the reading frame of the gene, and thus the amino acid sequence of the protein is altered. |
| point | A mutation in which only one or a few nucleotides or nitrogenous bases in a gene are changed; they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence and generally occur during replication is called _______ |
| Replication | Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA |
| duplication | Type of chromosomal mutation that produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome. |
| When mutations produce an extra part or copies of chromosomes. | |
| crossing over | the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. |
| substitution | A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide; one nitrogenous base is changed to another and may only affect one amino acid, if any. |
| gene mutations | produces changes in a single gene. |
| chromosomal mutations | produces changes in whole chromosomes; involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes; these can change the location of genes on chromosomes and can even change the number of copies of some genes. |
| Chromosomal Deletion | Chromosomal mutation that involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome. |
| gene flow | Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population |
| load | the number of mutations within an organism or its gene pool is known as the genetic ____ |
| deleterious | a mutation that is detrimental with regard to its effect on the phenotype is described as being _________ |
| Phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism |
| Carcinogen | substance that causes cancer |
| tumor | mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue |
| Non-disjunction | meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate |
| founder | Gene pool dependent on the first individuals to settle in a location is known as the ____ effect |
| bottleneck | A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population is called the ___ effect |
| burly | Plant tumor |
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rufuspat