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GCSE Maths
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acceleration | The rate at which the velocity of a moving object increases. |
| adjacent side | In a right-angled triangle, the side that is between a given angle and the right angle. |
| 360° | Angles around a point add up to this total. |
| approximate | A value that is close, but not exactly equal, to another value. |
| arc | Part of the circumference of a circle. |
| bisect | This word means to cut something (such as an angle or a line segment) exactly in half. |
| centre of enlargement | The point (inside or outside of an object) from which the enlargement of the object is measured. |
| centre of rotation | The point about which an object is rotated. |
| combined event | Two or events that occur together. |
| common factor | A factor that divides exactly into two or more numbers. |
| compound interest | Interest that is paid on the amount in the account, at a given percentage rate. |
| congruence | The relation between two shapes when they are exactly the same shape and size. |
| cosine | A trigonometric ratio related to an angle in a right-angled triangle, calculated as adjacent side ÷ hypotenuse. |
| cubic | An expression where the highest power of the variable is 3. |
| deceleration | The rate at which the velocity of a moving object increases. |
| decimal place | The position, after the decimal point, of a digit in a decimal number. |
| 180° | Angles on a straight line add up to this total. |
| decimal point | A symbol, usually a small dot, written between the whole-number part and the fractional part in a decimal number. |
| density | The mass of a substance divided by its volume. |
| difference | The result of a subtraction. |
| direct proportion | A relationship between two variables, in which one increases or decreases at a constant rate in relation to the other. |
| distance-time graph | A graph representing a journey, with the distance measured against the y-axis and time measured against the x-axis. |
| edge | The line where two faces or surfaces of a 3D shape meet. |
| equation | A statement of equivalence written as two expressions either side of an equals sign. |
| equidistant | At equal distances (for example when two points are at equal distances from a line). |
| equilateral triangle | A triangle in which all the sides are equal and all the angles are 60°. |
| error interval | The range of values within which a rounded value may lie. |
| expand | To remove the brackets from a factorised expression, by multiplying its terms by the factor. |
| expression | A collection of numbers, symbols and operators representing a value, for example x² + 3x + 4 |
| exterior angle | The angle formed outside the boundary of a 2D shape, when a side is extended beyond the vertex. |
| factorisation | The arrangement of a given number or expression into a product of its factors. |
| formula | A mathematical rule that shows a relationship between variables. |
| frequency polygon | A graph in which the mid-points of the class intervals are joined by straight lines. |
| front elevation | The perpendicular view of a solid shape from the front. |
| side elevation | The view of a solid shape from the side. |
| plan | The view of a shape from above. |
| gradient | The degree of slope of a line. |
| highest common factor (HCF) | The largest whole number that two or more given numbers can be divided by without remainder. |
| hypotenuse | The longest side in a right-angled triangle, always opposite the right angle. |
| image | The result of the transformation of an object. |
| index | A number (written in superscript) indicating the power to which a base number is raised. |
| inequality | A statement that one expression is greater or less than another, written with the symbol > (greater than) or < (less than) instead of = (equals). |
| intercept | The point where a line cuts or crosses the axis. |
| interior angle | The inside angle between two adjacent sides of a 2D shape. |
| intersection | The 'overlap' between two or more sets in a Venn diagram. |
| isosceles triangle | A triangle in which two sides are equal, and the angles opposite those sides are also equal. |
| like terms | Terms in which the variables are identical, but the coefficients may be different. |
| line graph | A graph to show how data changes, by means of points joined by straight lines. |
| linear equation | An algebraic equation with the highest exponent of a variable being 1, e.g. y = 5x + 2 (The graph of this type of equation is a straight line.) |
| linear scale factor | The ratio between the corresponding lengths in similar shapes or objects. |
| linear sequence | A sequence or pattern of numbers in which the difference between consecutive terms is always the same, e.g. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ... |
| loci | The plural of locus. |
| locus | The path of a point that moves obeying given conditions. |
| lower bound | The lower limit of a measurement, according to a given degree of accuracy. |
| lowest common multiple (LCM) | The lowest number that is a multiple of two or more given numbers. |
| mass | The amount of matter in an object |
| mode | The most frequently occurring value in a data set. |
| negative correlation | A relationship between two sets of data, in which the values of one variable increase as the values of the other variable decrease. |
| no correlation | The absence of any relationship between two sets of data. |
| mean | The average of a data set, found by adding all numbers together and then dividing the sum of the numbers by the number of numbers. |
| median | The middle value in a sorted list of values. |
| nth term | An expression in terms of n, which allows you to find the value of any term in a sequence. |
| opposite side | The side that is opposite a given angle, in a right-angled triangle. |
| origin | The point (0,0) on Cartesian coordinate axes. |
| outcome | A possible result of an event in a probability experiment, such as the different scores obtained by throwing dice. |
| outlier | In a data set, a value that is widely separated from the main cluster of values. |
| parabola | The shape of a quadratic curve. |
| pi (𝝿) | A number expressing the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. |
| plan | The view from directly above a solid shape. |
| polygon | A closed 2D shape with straight sides. |
| positive correlation | A relationship between two sets of data, in which the values of one variable increase as the values of the other variable increase. |
| power | The number of times a base number is multiplied exponentially. |
| exponential multiplication | The repeated multiplication of a number by itself, according to a given power. For example 2³ (2 to the power 3) is 2 × 2 × 2. |
| product rule for counting | The rule that tells you how to find the total number of outcomes for two or more events (i.e. multiply the number of outcomes for each event together). |
| Pythagoras' theorem | The rule that, in any right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. |
| quadratic equation | An algebraic equation with the highest exponent of a variable being 2, e.g. y = x² + 5x + 2 (The graph of this type of equation is a symmetrical curve.) |
| quadratic sequence | A sequence or pattern of numbers in which the difference between consecutive terms is not always the same, but the second difference is always the same. |
| random | Chosen by chance, so that every item has an equal chance of being chosen. |
| ratio | The comparison of two or more amounts in proportion to one another. |
| reciprocal | The fraction that results from the inversion of another fraction (when its part are 'flipped'). The two fractions multiplied together equal 1. |
| recurring decimal | A decimal number in which a digit or pattern of digits repeats for ever. |
| roots | The points on a graph where it crosses the x-axis. |
| scale drawing | A drawing that represents something much larger or much smaller, in which the lengths in the image are in direct proportion to the lengths in the object. |
| scale factor | The ratio between the scale of a given original object and a new object. |
| scalene triangle | A triangle in which all the sides are of different lengths, and all the angles are different. |
| scatter diagram | A graph in which data points for two variables are plotted as dots, showing whether there is a relationship between the two sets of data. |
| second difference | The difference between each first difference of a sequence and the one before it, in turn. |
| first difference | The difference between each term of a sequence and the one before it, in turn. |
| sector | A region of a circle, like a slice of pie, enclosed by an arc and two radii. |
| radii | The plural of radius. |
| radius | The distance, in a straight line, from the centre of a circle to its circumference. It is half of the diameter. |
| circumference | The boundary of a circle |
| diameter | The distance, in a straight line, through the centre of a circle from one point on the circumference to another. It is double the radius. |
| sequence | A pattern of numbers that are related by a rule. |
| set | A collection of objects or elements, such as those organised by the regions of a Venn diagram. |
| side elevation | The perpendicular view of a solid shape from the side. |
| perpendicular | At an angle of 90° to a given line, plane, or surface. |
| significant figure | Each of the digits of a number that are used to express it to the required degree of accuracy, starting from the first non-zero digit. |
| similarity | The relation between two shapes when one is an scaled enlargement of the other. |
| simplify | To make an equation or expression easier to work with by combining like terms or cancelling. Examples (4a - 2a + 5 b + 2b = 2a + 7b) (12/18 = 2/3) ( 5:10 = 1:2) |
| simultaneous equations | Two equations that are both true for the same set of values at a certain point. |
| sine | A trigonometric ratio related to an angle in a right-angled triangle, calculated as opposite side ÷ hypotenuse. |
| slant height | The length of the sloping side of a cone, from its base to its apex. |
| apex | The highest point (vertex) of a cone or pyramid. |
| standard form | A way of writing a number as a × 10ⁿ, where 1 ≤ a ≤ 10, and n is a positive or negative integer. This allows very large or very small numbers to be written more efficiently. |
| substitute | To replace a variable in an expression with a number, so it can be evaluated. For example in 3t + 5, if t = 4 then 3t + 5 = 17. |
| surface area | The total area of all of the surfaces of a 3D shape. |
| systematic listing | Writing the possible outcomes of an event in an organised way so that none of the possibilities will be missed out or repeated. |
| tangent (in trigonometry) | A trigonometric ratio related to an angle in a right-angled triangle, calculated as opposite side ÷ adjacent side. |
| tangent (in circle geometry) | A straight line that touches the circumference of a circle at one point only. |
| term (in an expression) | A part of an expression, such as a number (e.g. 5), a variable (e.g. x), or the product of a number and a variable (e.g. 5x). |
| term (in a sequence) | A number in a sequence or pattern. |
| term-to-term | A rule for generating the next term in a sequence, depending on the value of the previous term (e.g. "add 2"). |
| position-to-term | A rule for generating the next term in a sequence, depending on the position of the term in the sequence (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). |
| transformation | A process that maps a shape from a preimage to an image, by translation, reflection, rotation or enlargement. |
| translation | The transformation of a shape by 'shifting' it along the x-axis, the y-axis, or diagonally. |
| reflection | The transformation of a shape by generating a congruent shape on the other side of a mirror line. |
| rotation | The transformation of a shape by moving it clockwise or anti-clockwise around a given centre. |
| enlargement | The transformation of a shape by generating a larger or smaller similar shape from a given centre. |
| trigonometry | The study of the relationship between angles and sides in triangles. |
| turning point | The maximum or minimum point of a curved graph, where the gradient is zero. |
| union | The set of all the elements that occur in one or more sets in a Venn diagram. |
| universal set | The set that contains all the elements in a Venn diagram, usually drawn as a rectangle with the other sets drawn as circles within it. |
| upper bound | The lower limit of a measurement, according to a given degree of accuracy. |
| variable | In algebra, an unknown quantity that can take various values, usually symbolised by a letter of the alphabet. |
| Venn diagram | A diagram that shows the logical relationships between different sets. |
| vertex | The point at which two lines meet, in a 2D or 3D shape. (A corner or angle). |
| vertices | The plural of vertex. |
| volume scale factor | The ratio between the volumes of similar shapes or objects. |
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IL400
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